Surviving Starvation: Proteomic and Lipidomic Profiling of Nutrient Deprivation in the Smallest Known Free-Living Eukaryote.

Marine phytoplankton, comprising cyanobacteria, micro- and pico-algae are key to photosynthesis, oxygen production and carbon assimilation on Earth. The unicellular green picoalga holds a key position at the base of the green lineage of plants, which makes it an interesting model organism. has adapted to survive in low levels of nitrogen and phosphorus in the open ocean and also during rapid changes in the levels of these nutrients in coastal waters. In this study, we have employed untargeted proteomic and lipidomic strategies to investigate the molecular responses of to low-nitrogen and low-phosphorus environments. In the absence of external nitrogen, there was an elevation in the expression of ammonia and urea transporter proteins together with an accumulation of triglycerides. In phosphate-limiting conditions, the expression levels of phosphokinases and phosphate transporters were increased, indicating an attempt to maximise scavenging opportunities as opposed to energy conservation conditions. The production of betaine lipids was also elevated, highlighting a shift away from phospholipid metabolism. This finding was supported by the putative identification of betaine synthase in . This work offers additional perspectives on the complex strategies that underpin the adaptive processes of the smallest known free-living eukaryote to alterations in environmental conditions.