Yildiz Technical University, Naval Architecture and Maritime Faculty, Department of Marine Engineering Operations, 34349 Beşiktaş, Istanbul, Turkey.
Yildiz Technical University, Civil Engineering Faculty, Department of Environmental Engineering, 34220 Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey.
Sci Total Environ. 2020 Nov 15;743:140742. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140742. Epub 2020 Jul 5.
In this study, 3990 movements of 629 different ships approaching to the Ambarlı port of Istanbul and 10,272 movements of 2798 different ships arriving at Kocaeli port which are the largest ports of Turkey were monitored for a year between September 1, 2017 and September 1, 2018. It is well known that ship exhaust emissions have a significant impact on pollutant and global warming agent mass inputs and diminish air quality around port areas. We calculated ship exhaust emissions for three different modes by ENTEC method. The annual estimated emissions were 72,802, 1430.4, 900.3, 105.3, 60.9, and 59 tons for CO, NO, SO, PM, VOC, and CO, respectively, in Ambarlı Port. Higher emissions were estimated for Kocaeli Port due to marine traffic intensity. The annual estimated emissions at Kocaeli Port were 134,120.8, 2655.1, 1652.3, 181.4, 108.3, and 106.4 tons for CO, NO, SO, PM, VOC, and CO, respectively. In order to determine the impact of ship emissions, we employed AERMOD air quality dispersion modelling. Ground-level PM, NO, and SO concentrations were calculated. Their spatial distribution was plotted and results were evaluated by air quality measurement station results. Only estimated SO concentrations were higher than the observed concentrations. We concluded that ENTEC calculations produce excessive SO concentrations. Because sulphur content of marine fuel may vary and recent amendments in the related regulations limit its amount to lower values. Advancement of on-board SO emission control on ships can also have a reducing effect on emitted SO emissions. As a result, we emphasize that current ENTEC emission factors don't represent SO emissions accurately. Further, the advancement of SO emissions factors is required.
在这项研究中，对 2017 年 9 月 1 日至 2018 年 9 月 1 日期间进出伊斯坦布尔安巴利港的 629 艘不同船只的 3990 次进港和进出土耳其最大港口之一的科贾埃利港的 2798 艘不同船只的 10272 次出港进行了监测。众所周知，船舶废气排放对污染物和温室气体质量输入有重大影响，并降低了港口地区的空气质量。我们使用 ENTEC 方法计算了三种不同模式的船舶废气排放量。安巴利港的年排放量估计分别为 CO72802 吨、NO1430.4 吨、SO900.3 吨、PM105.3 吨、VOC60.9 吨和 CO59 吨。由于海上交通强度，科贾埃利港的排放量估计较高。科贾埃利港的年排放量估计分别为 CO134120.8 吨、NO2655.1 吨、SO1652.3 吨、PM181.4 吨、VOC108.3 吨和 CO106.4 吨。为了确定船舶排放的影响，我们采用了 AERMOD 空气质量扩散模型。计算了地面 PM、NO 和 SO 浓度。绘制了它们的空间分布，并根据空气质量测量站的结果进行了评估。只有估计的 SO 浓度高于观测到的浓度。我们得出结论，ENTEC 计算产生了过多的 SO 浓度。因为船用燃料中的硫含量可能会有所不同，而且相关法规的最新修正案将其限制在较低值。船上 SO 排放控制的改进也可以减少排放的 SO 排放量。因此，我们强调当前的 ENTEC 排放因子不能准确地表示 SO 排放。此外，需要改进 SO 排放因子。
