Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, People's Republic of China.
Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, People's Republic of China.
Nutr J. 2020 Jul 14;19(1):72. doi: 10.1186/s12937-020-00589-x.
The nutritional status of lactating mothers (LMs) is related to their own health and significantly impacts the secretion of breast-milk, and subsequently the growth and development of infants. Due to the influence of regional economy, traditional habits, and lack of nutrition knowledge, the problem of poor dietary nutrition among Chinese LMs is prominent. We aimed to evaluate and compare the dietary and nutrient intakes in LMs from urban and rural areas in China to provide baseline data for the implementation of relevant health guidance and strategies.
A multi-stage sampling method was used to recruit urban and rural LMs from 13 provinces and municipalities in China. An online dietary record using food photographs was employed to keep track of what the LMs had eaten in 2 days in the form of face-to-face interview. A total of 954 participants were included in the final analysis. Data expressed as quartiles P50 (P25; P75) were compared using the Mann-Whitney U-test (level of significance: p < 0.05).
The consumption of staple food was higher in the rural (283.37 g/d) than in the urban areas (263.21 g/d). The consumption of vegetables, fruits, fish, shrimp, and shellfish, milk and dairy products was lower than the recommended amounts in both areas, and the insufficient intake of these food types was more serious in rural areas. While the energy intake of 83.8% of all LMs was lower than the estimated energy reference, it was comparable in the urban and rural areas. The intake of macronutrients (carbohydrates, protein, and fats) in rural areas was lower than in urban areas. The intake of some vitamins (VA, VB, VB, VB and VC) and minerals (calcium, magnesium, iodine and copper) was not ideal for LMs in both rural and urban areas.
Overall, the dietary intake in LMs was lower than the recommended levels. Many essential nutrients failed to meet the recommended doses, both in the urban and rural areas. The deficiencies in micronutrients were more prevalent in rural compared to urban areas. Educating LMs about women's health and appropriate dietary intake is, therefore, essential.
哺乳期妇女（LM）的营养状况与其自身健康有关，对母乳分泌有显著影响，进而影响婴儿的生长发育。由于地域经济、传统习惯和营养知识缺乏的影响，中国 LM 的膳食营养问题较为突出。本研究旨在评估和比较城乡 LM 的膳食和营养素摄入量，为实施相关健康指导和策略提供基线数据。
采用多阶段抽样方法，从中国 13 个省、直辖市招募城乡 LM。采用在线照片食物记录法，通过面对面访谈记录 LM 连续 2 天的饮食情况。最终共有 954 名参与者纳入最终分析。采用 Mann-Whitney U 检验（显著性水平：p<0.05）比较数据表示为四分位数 P50（P25；P75）。
农村地区（283.37g/d）的主食摄入量高于城市地区（263.21g/d）。城乡地区蔬菜、水果、鱼、虾、贝类、奶类及其制品的摄入量均低于推荐量，且农村地区这些食物类型的摄入量不足更为严重。虽然所有 LM 中 83.8%的能量摄入量低于估计的能量参考值，但城乡地区的能量摄入量相当。农村地区的宏量营养素（碳水化合物、蛋白质和脂肪）摄入量低于城市地区。城乡地区 LM 对某些维生素（VA、VB、VB、VB 和 VC）和矿物质（钙、镁、碘和铜）的摄入量不理想。
总体而言，LM 的膳食摄入量低于推荐水平。城乡地区许多必需营养素均未达到推荐剂量。城乡地区微量营养素的缺乏更为普遍。因此，对 LM 进行妇女健康和适当饮食摄入的教育至关重要。
