Voluntary Control of an Ankle Joint Exoskeleton by Able-Bodied Individuals and Stroke Survivors Using EMG-Based Admittance Control Scheme.

Control schemes based on electromyography (EMG) have demonstrated their superiority in human-robot cooperation due to the fact that motion intention can be well estimated by EMG signals. However, there are several limitations due to the noisy nature of EMG signals and the inaccuracy of EMG-force/torque estimation, which might deteriorate the stability of human-robot cooperation movement. To improve the movement stability, an EMG-based admittance control scheme (EACS) was proposed, comprised of an EMG-driven musculoskeletal model (EDMM), an admittance filter and an inner position controller. To investigate the performance of EACS, a series of sinusoidal tracking tasks were conducted with 12 healthy participants and 4 stroke survivors in an ankle exoskeleton in comparison with the EMG-based open-loop control scheme (EOCS). The experimental results indicated that both EACS and EOCS could improve stroke survivors' ankle range of motion (ROM). The experimental results of both healthy participants and stroke survivors showed that the assistance torque, tracking error and jerk values of EACS were lower than those of EOCS. The interaction torque of EACS decreased towards the increasing assistance ratio while that of EOCS increased. Moreover, the EMG levels of tibialis anterior (TA) decreased towards the increasing assistance ratio but were higher than those of EOCS. EACS was effective in improving movements stability, and had the potential to be applied in robot-assisted rehabilitation training to address the foot-drop problem.