CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal.
ESS-P.Porto, School of Health, Polytechnic Institute of Porto. Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
Toxins (Basel). 2020 Jul 31;12(8):493. doi: 10.3390/toxins12080493.
Diarrhetic shellfish toxins (DSTs) are among the most prevalent marine toxins in Europe's and in other temperate coastal regions. These toxins are produced by several dinoflagellate species; however, the contamination of the marine trophic chain is often attributed to species of the genus . This group of toxins, constituted by okadaic acid (OA) and analogous molecules (dinophysistoxins, DTXs), are highly harmful to humans, causing severe poisoning symptoms caused by the ingestion of contaminated seafood. Knowledge on the mode of action and toxicology of OA and the chemical characterization and accumulation of DSTs in seafood species (bivalves, gastropods and crustaceans) has significantly contributed to understand the impacts of these toxins in humans. Considerable information is however missing, particularly at the molecular and metabolic levels involving toxin uptake, distribution, compartmentalization and biotransformation and the interaction of DSTs with aquatic organisms. Recent contributions to the knowledge of DSTs arise from transcriptomics and proteomics research. Indeed, OMICs constitute a research field dedicated to the systematic analysis on the organisms' metabolisms. The methodologies used in OMICs are also highly effective to identify critical metabolic pathways affecting the physiology of the organisms. In this review, we analyze the main contributions provided so far by OMICs to DSTs research and discuss the prospects of OMICs with regard to the DSTs toxicology and the significance of these toxins to public health, food safety and aquaculture.
腹泻性贝类毒素（DSTs）是欧洲和其他温带沿海地区最常见的海洋毒素之一。这些毒素是由几种甲藻产生的；然而，海洋食物链的污染通常归因于属的物种。这组毒素由冈田酸（OA）和类似分子（麻痹性贝类毒素，DTXs）组成，对人类有高度危害性，导致食用受污染的海鲜后出现严重的中毒症状。对 OA 的作用模式和毒理学以及 DST 在海鲜物种（双壳类、腹足类和甲壳类）中的化学特征和积累的知识，极大地促进了对这些毒素对人类影响的理解。然而，仍有大量信息缺失，特别是在涉及毒素摄取、分布、区室化和生物转化以及 DSTs 与水生生物相互作用的分子和代谢水平上。转录组学和蛋白质组学研究为 DSTs 的知识提供了新的认识。事实上，OMICS 构成了一个致力于系统分析生物体代谢的研究领域。OMICS 中使用的方法也非常有效地识别影响生物体生理学的关键代谢途径。在这篇综述中，我们分析了迄今为止 OMICS 对 DSTs 研究的主要贡献，并讨论了 OMICS 在 DSTs 毒理学方面的前景，以及这些毒素对公共卫生、食品安全和水产养殖的重要性。
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