Marine Biotoxins Program, Environmental Conservation Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E, Seattle, WA 98112, USA.
Mar Drugs. 2013 May 28;11(6):1815-35. doi: 10.3390/md11061815.
The illness of three people in 2011 after their ingestion of mussels collected from Sequim Bay State Park, Washington State, USA, demonstrated the need to monitor diarrhetic shellfish toxins (DSTs) in Washington State for the protection of human health. Following these cases of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning, monitoring for DSTs in Washington State became formalized in 2012, guided by routine monitoring of Dinophysis species by the SoundToxins program in Puget Sound and the Olympic Region Harmful Algal Bloom (ORHAB) partnership on the outer Washington State coast. Here we show that the DSTs at concentrations above the guidance level of 16 μg okadaic acid (OA) + dinophysistoxins (DTXs)/100 g shellfish tissue were widespread in sentinel mussels throughout Puget Sound in summer 2012 and included harvest closures of California mussel, varnish clam, manila clam and Pacific oyster. Concentrations of toxins in Pacific oyster and manila clam were often at least half those measured in blue mussels at the same site. The primary toxin isomer in shellfish and plankton samples was dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX-1) with D. acuminata as the primary Dinophysis species. Other lipophilic toxins in shellfish were pectenotoxin-2 (PTX-2) and yessotoxin (YTX) with azaspiracid-2 (AZA-2) also measured in phytoplankton samples. Okadaic acid, azaspiracid-1 (AZA-1) and azaspiracid-3 (AZA-3) were all below the levels of detection by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). A shellfish closure at Ruby Beach, Washington, was the first ever noted on the Washington State Pacific coast due to DSTs. The greater than average Fraser River flow during the summers of 2011 and 2012 may have provided an environment conducive to dinoflagellates and played a role in the prevalence of toxigenic Dinophysis in Puget Sound.
2011 年，美国华盛顿州 Sequim Bay 州立公园采集的贻贝导致三人患病，这表明有必要监测华盛顿州的腹泻性贝类毒素 (DSTs)，以保护人类健康。在这些腹泻性贝类中毒病例发生后，2012 年，华盛顿州开始正式监测 DSTs，其监测工作由普吉特湾的 SoundToxins 计划常规监测双鞭甲藻属物种以及华盛顿州外海的奥林匹克地区有害藻华 (ORHAB) 伙伴关系指导。在这里，我们表明，2012 年夏季，普捷湾各地的哨兵贻贝中 DSTs 浓度高于 16μg 岗田酸 (OA) + 双鞭甲藻毒素 (DTXs)/100g 贝类组织的指导水平，包括加利福尼亚贻贝、蛤、帘蛤和太平洋牡蛎的收获关闭。牡蛎和帘蛤中的毒素浓度通常至少是同一地点蓝贻贝测量值的一半。贝类和浮游生物样本中的主要毒素异构体是双鞭甲藻毒素-1 (DTX-1)，主要双鞭甲藻属物种是多甲藻属。贝类中的其他脂溶性毒素是扇贝毒素-2 (PTX-2)和短裸甲藻毒素 (YTX)，浮游植物样本中还检测到拟菱形藻酸-2 (AZA-2)。贝类中岗田酸、拟菱形藻酸-1 (AZA-1) 和拟菱形藻酸-3 (AZA-3) 的含量均低于液相色谱串联质谱 (LC-MS/MS) 的检测水平。由于 DSTs，华盛顿州鲁比海滩的贝类关闭是华盛顿州太平洋沿岸有史以来的第一次。2011 年和 2012 年夏季弗雷泽河流量高于平均水平，这可能为甲藻的生长提供了有利环境，并在普吉特湾产毒双鞭甲藻属的流行中发挥了作用。
