Dowling N A, Aarsman S R, Merkouris S S
School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia; Melbourne Graduate School of Education, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia.
Addict Behav. 2021 Jan;112:106604. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106604. Epub 2020 Aug 7.
There is a limited evidence base from which to draw conclusions about compensatory and protective factors for problem gambling. The aim of this study was to explore the potential for positive mental health characteristics (general coping, emotional support, spirituality, interpersonal skills, personal growth and autonomy, and global affect) to play a compensatory role and protective role in problem gambling in a convenience sample of 499 Australian university students. Hazardous alcohol use, past-year substance use, gambling-related cognitions (interpretive bias, illusion of control, predictive control, gambling-related expectancies, and perceived inability to stop gambling), gambling high-risk situations (negative and positive reinforcement situations), and gambling motives (money, positive feelings, regulate internal state, and challenge) positively predicted problem gambling severity. None of the positive mental health characteristics negatively predicted problem gambling severity, suggesting that these factors did not play a compensatory role. However, emotional support, personal growth and autonomy, and global affect buffered the influence of gambling motives and high-risk situations, suggesting that these factors played a protective role. In contrast, spirituality displayed a direct positive predictive relationship with problem gambling severity, suggesting that it served to act as a risk factor in this sample. The identification of these modifiable risk and protective factors has implications for the development of effective prevention and intervention initiatives. Further longitudinal research employing population-representative samples is required to replicate these results and investigate relationship-, community-, and societal-level risk, compensatory and protective factors associated with the development of problem gambling.
关于问题赌博的补偿因素和保护因素，可供得出结论的证据基础有限。本研究的目的是在499名澳大利亚大学生的便利样本中，探讨积极心理健康特征（一般应对、情感支持、精神性、人际交往技能、个人成长与自主性以及总体情感）在问题赌博中发挥补偿作用和保护作用的可能性。危险饮酒、过去一年的物质使用、与赌博相关的认知（解释偏差、控制错觉、预测控制、与赌博相关的预期以及感知到的无法停止赌博）、赌博高风险情境（消极和积极强化情境）以及赌博动机（金钱、积极情绪、调节内部状态和挑战）正向预测问题赌博的严重程度。没有任何积极心理健康特征负向预测问题赌博的严重程度，这表明这些因素没有发挥补偿作用。然而，情感支持、个人成长与自主性以及总体情感缓冲了赌博动机和高风险情境的影响，这表明这些因素发挥了保护作用。相比之下，精神性与问题赌博严重程度呈现直接的正向预测关系，这表明在这个样本中它起到了风险因素的作用。识别这些可改变的风险和保护因素对制定有效的预防和干预措施具有启示意义。需要进一步采用具有人口代表性样本的纵向研究来重复这些结果，并调查与问题赌博发展相关的关系层面、社区层面和社会层面的风险、补偿因素和保护因素。
