MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2020 Oct 12;375(1809):20190564. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0564. Epub 2020 Aug 24.
Tissue folding is a fundamental process that sculpts a simple flat epithelium into a complex three-dimensional organ structure. Whether it is the folding of the brain, or the looping of the gut, it has become clear that to generate an invagination or a fold of any form, mechanical asymmetries must exist in the epithelium. These mechanical asymmetries can be generated locally, involving just the invaginating cells and their immediate neighbours, or on a more global tissue-wide scale. Here, we review the different mechanical mechanisms that epithelia have adopted to generate folds, and how the use of precisely defined mathematical models has helped decipher which mechanisms are the key driving forces in different epithelia. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Contemporary morphogenesis'.
组织折叠是一个基本过程，它将一个简单的平面上皮组织塑造成一个复杂的三维器官结构。无论是大脑的折叠，还是肠道的环曲，很明显，要产生任何形式的内陷或折叠，上皮组织中必须存在机械不对称性。这些机械不对称性可以局部产生，只涉及内陷细胞及其邻近的细胞，或者在更广泛的组织范围内产生。在这里，我们回顾了上皮组织采用的不同机械机制来产生褶皱，以及如何使用精确定义的数学模型来帮助揭示哪些机制是不同上皮组织中的关键驱动力。本文是“当代形态发生学”讨论会议的一部分。
