Gomes Sofia I F, van Bodegom Peter M, van Agtmaal Maaike, Soudzilovskaia Nadejda A, Bestman Monique, Duijm Elza, Speksnijder Arjen, van Eekeren Nick
Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands.
Louis Bolk Institute, Bunnik, Netherlands.
Front Microbiol. 2020 Jul 28;11:1746. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01746. eCollection 2020.
Organic farming is increasingly promoted as a means to reduce the environmental impact of artificial fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, and antibiotics in conventional dairy systems. These factors potentially affect the microbial communities of the production stages (soil, silage, dung, and milk) of the entire farm cycle. However, understanding whether the microbiota representative of different production stages reflects different agricultural practices - such as conventional versus organic farming - is unknown. Furthermore, the translocation of the microbial community across production stages is scarcely studied. We sequenced the microbial communities of soil, silage, dung, and milk samples from organic and conventional dairy farms in the Netherlands. We found that community structure of soil fungi and bacteria significantly differed among soil types, but not between organic versus conventional farming systems. The microbial communities of silage also did not differ among conventional and organic systems. Nevertheless, the dung microbiota of cows and the fungal communities in the milk were significantly structured by agricultural practice. We conclude that, while the production stages of dairy farms seem to be disconnected in terms of microbial transfer, certain practices specific for each agricultural system, such as the content of diet and the use of antibiotics, are potential drivers of shifts in the cow's microbiota, including the milk produced. This may reflect differences in farm animal health and quality of dairy products depending on farming practices.
有机农业作为一种减少传统奶牛养殖系统中人工肥料、杀虫剂、除草剂和抗生素对环境影响的手段，正得到越来越多的推广。这些因素可能会影响整个农场周期生产阶段（土壤、青贮饲料、粪便和牛奶）的微生物群落。然而，不同生产阶段的微生物群是否反映了不同的农业实践，如传统养殖与有机养殖，尚不清楚。此外，微生物群在不同生产阶段的转移情况也鲜有研究。我们对荷兰有机和传统奶牛场的土壤、青贮饲料、粪便和牛奶样本的微生物群落进行了测序。我们发现，土壤真菌和细菌的群落结构在不同土壤类型之间存在显著差异，但在有机养殖系统和传统养殖系统之间没有差异。青贮饲料的微生物群落在传统养殖系统和有机养殖系统之间也没有差异。然而，奶牛粪便中的微生物群和牛奶中的真菌群落却受到农业实践的显著影响。我们得出结论，虽然奶牛场的生产阶段在微生物转移方面似乎是相互独立的，但每个农业系统特有的某些做法，如饮食内容和抗生素的使用，是奶牛微生物群（包括所产牛奶）变化的潜在驱动因素。这可能反映了农场动物健康状况和乳制品质量因养殖方式而异。
