Laboratory of Science Fundamental University Amar Telidji, BP37G, Laghouat, Algeria; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Applied Chemometrics and Molecular Modelling, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090, Brussels, Belgium.
Laboratory of Science Fundamental University Amar Telidji, BP37G, Laghouat, Algeria.
J Ethnopharmacol. 2021 Jan 30;265:113329. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113329. Epub 2020 Sep 1.
Pistacia atlantica (wild pistachio) belongs to the Anacardiaceae family, and growing from the Mediterranean basin to central Asia, especially in Iran, Turkey, Iraq and Saudi Arabia where it is extensively used in traditional medicine for a wide range of ailments related to relieving upper abdominal discomfort and pain, dyspepsia and peptic ulcer.
Despite the diverse biological activities of P. atlantica, there is no current review summarizing medicinal properties of its subspecies, including cabulica, kurdica and mutica. Thus, this paper aims to explore the current understanding of the chemical, pharmacological, and biochemical properties of the extracts and the main active constituents found in each subspecies of this plant.
Peer-reviewed articles, using "Pistacia atlantica" as search term (″all fields″), were retrieved from Scifinder, Pubmed, Science direct, Wiley, Springer, ACS, Scielo, Web of Science and other web search instruments (Google Scholar, Yahoo search). Papers published until July 2020 are considered. In addition, various books were consulted that contained botanical and ethnopharmacological information. The information provided in this review is based on peer-reviewed papers in English and French.
Phytochemical studies have shown the presence of numerous valuable compounds, including volatile compounds, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, fatty acids, tocopherols and phytosterols. P. atlantica contains also minerals and trace elements, like iron, lead, copper, potassium, sodium and calcium; fatty acids, like oleic, linoleic, and palmitic acid; fat-soluble vitamins, such as α, β, γ and δ tocopherols; phytosterols, like betasitosterol, stigmasterol, campesterol and Δ-avenasterol. Crude extracts and isolated compounds from P. atlantica show a wide range of pharmacological properties, such as antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antinociceptive, wound healing, anticancer, cytotoxic, anticholinesterase, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, urease inhibition, antihypertension, nipple fissure healing, antileishmanial and antiplasmodial activities. However, there are no reports summarizing the P. atlantica bioactivity, its therapeutic value, and the roles played by each of the numerous phytoconstituents.
Many traditional uses of P. atlantica and its subspecies have now been confirmed by pharmacologic research. Systematic phytochemical investigation of the P. atlantica subspecies and the pharmacological properties, especially the mechanisms of action and toxicology, to illustrate their ethnomedicinal use, to explore the therapeutic potential and support further health-care product development, will undoubtedly be the focus of further research. Therefore, detailed and extensive studies and clinical evaluation of P. atlantica subspecies should be carried out in future for the safety approval of therapeutic applications.
野巴旦杏（野生巴旦杏）属于漆树科，生长于地中海盆地至中亚地区，尤其在伊朗、土耳其、伊拉克和沙特阿拉伯等国家被广泛应用于传统医学，用于治疗与缓解上腹部不适和疼痛、消化不良和消化性溃疡等多种疾病。
尽管野巴旦杏具有多种生物活性，但目前尚无综述总结其亚种（包括 cabulica、kurdica 和 mutica）的药用特性。因此，本文旨在探讨该植物各亚种的提取物及其主要活性成分的化学、药理学和生物化学特性的现有认识。
使用“Pistacia atlantica”作为搜索词（“所有字段”），从 Scifinder、Pubmed、Science direct、Wiley、Springer、ACS、Scielo、Web of Science 和其他网络搜索工具（Google Scholar、Yahoo search）检索同行评议文章。考虑到截至 2020 年 7 月发表的论文。此外，还查阅了各种包含植物学和民族药理学信息的书籍。本综述提供的信息基于英文和法文的同行评议论文。
植物化学研究表明，该植物含有许多有价值的化合物，包括挥发性化合物、类黄酮、酚类化合物、脂肪酸、生育酚和植物甾醇。野巴旦杏还含有矿物质和微量元素，如铁、铅、铜、钾、钠和钙；脂肪酸，如油酸、亚油酸和棕榈酸；脂溶性维生素，如α、β、γ和δ生育酚；植物甾醇，如β-谷甾醇、豆甾醇、菜油甾醇和Δ-燕麦甾醇。野巴旦杏的粗提取物和分离化合物表现出广泛的药理特性，如抗菌、抗真菌、抗炎、镇痛、抗伤害、伤口愈合、抗癌、细胞毒性、抗胆碱酯酶、抗糖尿病、保肝、脲酶抑制、降压、乳头皲裂愈合、抗利什曼原虫和抗疟原虫活性。然而，目前尚无文献总结野巴旦杏的生物活性、治疗价值以及众多植物成分中的每一种所起的作用。
许多野巴旦杏及其亚种的传统用途现已得到药理学研究的证实。对野巴旦杏亚种进行系统的植物化学研究以及对其药理特性（特别是作用机制和毒理学）进行研究，以阐明其在民族医学中的应用，探索其治疗潜力并支持进一步的保健产品开发，无疑将成为进一步研究的重点。因此，未来应进行详细和广泛的研究和临床评估野巴旦杏亚种，以确保其治疗应用的安全性。
