Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan.
Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Sep 12;21(18):6680. doi: 10.3390/ijms21186680.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid membranous vesicles that are released from every type of cell. It has become clear that EVs are involved in a variety of biological phenomena, including cancer progression, and play critical roles in intracellular communication through the horizontal transfer of cellular cargoes such as proteins, DNA fragments, RNAs including mRNA and non-coding RNAs (microRNA, piRNA, and long non-coding RNA) and lipids. The most common cause of death associated with cancer is metastasis. Recent investigations have revealed that EVs are deeply associated with metastasis. Bone is a preferred site of metastasis, and bone metastasis is generally incurable and dramatically affects patient quality of life. Bone metastasis can cause devastating complications, including hypercalcemia, pathological fractures, spinal compression, and bone pain, which result in a poor prognosis. Although the mechanisms underlying bone metastasis have yet to be fully elucidated, increasing evidence suggests that EVs in the bone microenvironment significantly contribute to cancer progression and cancer bone tropism. Emerging evidence on EV functions in bone metastasis will facilitate the discovery of novel treatments. In this review, we will discuss the remarkable effects of EVs, especially on the tumor microenvironment in bone.
细胞外囊泡 (EVs) 是由各种细胞释放的脂质膜囊泡。现在已经清楚的是，EVs 参与了多种生物学现象，包括癌症进展，并通过蛋白质、DNA 片段、RNA（包括 mRNA 和非编码 RNA（miRNA、piRNA 和长非编码 RNA）和脂质等细胞货物的水平转移，在细胞内通讯中发挥关键作用。与癌症相关的最常见死亡原因是转移。最近的研究表明，EVs 与转移密切相关。骨骼是转移的首选部位，骨转移通常无法治愈，并严重影响患者的生活质量。骨转移可导致严重的并发症，包括高钙血症、病理性骨折、脊柱压缩和骨痛，从而导致预后不良。尽管骨转移的机制尚未完全阐明，但越来越多的证据表明，骨骼微环境中的 EVs 显著促进癌症进展和癌症骨骼趋向性。关于 EV 在骨转移中的功能的新证据将有助于发现新的治疗方法。在这篇综述中，我们将讨论 EV 的显著作用，特别是在骨骼中的肿瘤微环境中的作用。
