Department of Colorectal Surgery, Jinhua Hosptial, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321000, P.R. China
Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
Curr Top Med Chem. 2020;20(30):2737-2761. doi: 10.2174/1568026620666200922112640.
Incorporating nanotechnology into fluorescent imaging and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has shown promising potential for accurate diagnosis of cancer at an earlier stage than the conventional imaging modalities. Molecular imaging (MI) aims to quantitatively characterize, visualize, and measure the biological processes or living cells at molecular and genetic levels. MI modalities have been exploited in different applications including noninvasive determination and visualization of diseased tissues, cell trafficking visualization, early detection, treatment response monitoring, and in vivo visualization of living cells. High-affinity molecular probe and imaging modality to detect the probe are the two main requirements of MI. Recent advances in nanotechnology and allied modalities have facilitated the use of nanoparticles (NPs) as MI probes. Within the extensive group of NPs, fluorescent NPs play a prominent role in optical molecular imaging. The fluorescent NPs used in molecular and cellular imaging can be categorized into three main groups including quantum dots (QDs), upconversion, and dyedoped NPs. Fluorescent NPs have great potential in targeted theranostics including cancer imaging, immunoassay- based cells, proteins and bacteria detections, imaging-guided surgery, and therapy. Fluorescent NPs have shown promising potentials for drug and gene delivery, detection of the chromosomal abnormalities, labeling of DNA, and visualizing DNA replication dynamics. Multifunctional NPs have been successfully used in a single theranostic modality integrating diagnosis and therapy. The unique characteristics of multifunctional NPs make them potential theranostic agents that can be utilized concurrently for diagnosis and therapy. This review provides the state of the art of the applications of nanotechnologies in early cancer diagnosis focusing on fluorescent NPs, their synthesis methods, and perspectives in clinical theranostics.
将纳米技术纳入荧光成像和磁共振成像 (MRI) 已显示出在传统成像方式更早阶段准确诊断癌症的有前途的潜力。分子成像 (MI) 旨在定量描述、可视化和测量分子和遗传水平的生物过程或活细胞。MI 模式已在不同的应用中得到利用，包括非侵入性确定和可视化病变组织、细胞迁移可视化、早期检测、治疗反应监测以及活细胞的体内可视化。高亲和力的分子探针和用于检测探针的成像模式是 MI 的两个主要要求。纳米技术和相关模式的最新进展促进了将纳米粒子 (NP) 用作 MI 探针。在广泛的 NP 组中，荧光 NP 在光学分子成像中起着突出的作用。用于分子和细胞成像的荧光 NP 可分为三大类，包括量子点 (QD)、上转换和掺杂 NP。荧光 NP 在靶向治疗学中具有巨大的潜力，包括癌症成像、免疫测定细胞、蛋白质和细菌检测、成像引导手术和治疗。荧光 NP 在药物和基因递送、染色体异常检测、DNA 标记和可视化 DNA 复制动力学方面显示出有前途的潜力。多功能 NP 已成功用于单一治疗学模式，将诊断和治疗结合在一起。多功能 NP 的独特特性使它们成为潜在的治疗剂，可同时用于诊断和治疗。本综述提供了纳米技术在早期癌症诊断中的应用的最新进展，重点是荧光 NP、它们的合成方法以及临床治疗学中的应用前景。
