Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy.
Front Immunol. 2020 Sep 3;11:2130. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02130. eCollection 2020.
In the last decades, a number of infectious viruses have emerged from wildlife or re-emerged, generating serious threats to the global health and to the economy worldwide. Ebola and Marburg hemorrhagic fevers, Lassa fever, Dengue fever, Yellow fever, West Nile fever, Zika, and Chikungunya vector-borne diseases, Swine flu, Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and the recent Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are examples of zoonoses that have spread throughout the globe with such a significant impact on public health that the scientific community has been called for a rapid intervention in preventing and treating emerging infections. Vaccination is probably the most effective tool in helping the immune system to activate protective responses against pathogens, reducing morbidity and mortality, as proven by historical records. Under health emergency conditions, new and alternative approaches in vaccine design and development are imperative for a rapid and massive vaccination coverage, to manage a disease outbreak and curtail the epidemic spread. This review gives an update on the current vaccination strategies for some of the emerging/re-emerging viruses, and discusses challenges and hurdles to overcome for developing efficacious vaccines against future pathogens.
在过去几十年中，许多传染病病毒从野生动物中出现或再次出现，对全球健康和全球经济造成了严重威胁。埃博拉和马尔堡出血热、拉萨热、登革热、黄热病、西尼罗河热、寨卡和基孔肯雅热等虫媒病毒病、猪流感、严重急性呼吸系统综合征（SARS）、中东呼吸系统综合征（MERS）以及最近的 2019 年冠状病毒病（COVID-19）都是在全球范围内传播的人畜共患病的例子，对公共卫生造成了如此重大的影响，以至于科学界呼吁迅速采取干预措施，预防和治疗新出现的感染。疫苗接种可能是帮助免疫系统激活针对病原体的保护反应、降低发病率和死亡率的最有效手段，这已被历史记录所证明。在卫生紧急情况下，为了实现快速和大规模的疫苗接种覆盖，以管理疾病暴发和遏制疫情蔓延，疫苗设计和开发的新方法和替代方法势在必行。本综述介绍了一些新发/再发病毒的当前疫苗接种策略，并讨论了开发针对未来病原体的有效疫苗所面临的挑战和障碍。
