Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA; email:
Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California 94158, USA.
Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2020 Oct 6;36:115-139. doi: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-031320-101827.
Lipid droplets (LDs) are endoplasmic reticulum-derived organelles that consist of a core of neutral lipids encircled by a phospholipid monolayer decorated with proteins. As hubs of cellular lipid and energy metabolism, LDs are inherently involved in the etiology of prevalent metabolic diseases such as obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. The functions of LDs are regulated by a unique set of associated proteins, the LD proteome, which includes integral membrane and peripheral proteins. These proteins control key activities of LDs such as triacylglycerol synthesis and breakdown, nutrient sensing and signal integration, and interactions with other organelles. Here we review the mechanisms that regulate the composition of the LD proteome, such as pathways that mediate selective and bulk LD protein degradation and potential connections between LDs and cellular protein quality control.
脂滴（LDs）是内质网衍生的细胞器，由核心中性脂质组成，被一层由蛋白质装饰的磷脂双层包围。作为细胞脂质和能量代谢的中心，LDs 固有地参与了肥胖和非酒精性脂肪肝等常见代谢疾病的病因。LDs 的功能受一套独特的相关蛋白（LD 蛋白质组）调节，该蛋白质组包括完整的膜蛋白和外周蛋白。这些蛋白质控制着 LDs 的关键活性，如三酰甘油的合成和分解、营养感应和信号整合以及与其他细胞器的相互作用。在这里，我们综述了调节 LD 蛋白质组组成的机制，如介导选择性和批量 LD 蛋白降解的途径，以及 LDs 与细胞蛋白质质量控制之间的潜在联系。
