Guerrero Correa Matías, Martínez Fernanda B, Vidal Cristian Patiño, Streitt Camilo, Escrig Juan, de Dicastillo Carol Lopez
Center of Innovation in Packaging (LABEN), University of Santiago de Chile (USACH), Obispo Umaña 050, 9170201 Santiago, Chile.
Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), 9170124 Santiago, Chile.
Beilstein J Nanotechnol. 2020 Sep 25;11:1450-1469. doi: 10.3762/bjnano.11.129. eCollection 2020.
The investigation of novel nanoparticles with antimicrobial activity has grown in recent years due to the increased incidence of nosocomial infections occurring during hospitalization and food poisoning derived from foodborne pathogens. Antimicrobial agents are necessary in various fields in which biological contamination occurs. For example, in food packaging they are used to control food contamination by microbes, in the medical field the microbial agents are important for reducing the risk of contamination in invasive and routine interventions, and in the textile industry, they can limit the growth of microorganisms due to sweat. The combination of nanotechnology with materials that have an intrinsic antimicrobial activity can result in the development of novel antimicrobial substances. Specifically, metal-based nanoparticles have attracted much interest due to their broad effectiveness against pathogenic microorganisms due to their high surface area and high reactivity. The aim of this review was to explore the state-of-the-art in metal-based nanoparticles, focusing on their synthesis methods, types, and their antimicrobial action. Different techniques used to synthesize metal-based nanoparticles were discussed, including chemical and physical methods and "green synthesis" methods that are free of chemical agents. Although the most studied nanoparticles with antimicrobial properties are metallic or metal-oxide nanoparticles, other types of nanoparticles, such as superparamagnetic iron-oxide nanoparticles and silica-releasing systems also exhibit antimicrobial properties. Finally, since the quantification and understanding of the antimicrobial action of metal-based nanoparticles are key topics, several methods for evaluating in vitro antimicrobial activity and the most common antimicrobial mechanisms (e.g., cell damage and changes in the expression of metabolic genes) were discussed in this review.
近年来，由于住院期间医院感染的发生率增加以及食源性病原体导致的食物中毒事件增多，对具有抗菌活性的新型纳米颗粒的研究不断增加。抗菌剂在发生生物污染的各个领域都是必需的。例如，在食品包装中，它们用于控制微生物对食品的污染；在医疗领域，抗菌剂对于降低侵入性和常规干预中的污染风险很重要；在纺织工业中，它们可以限制因汗液导致的微生物生长。纳米技术与具有内在抗菌活性的材料相结合，可以开发出新型抗菌物质。具体而言，金属基纳米颗粒因其高表面积和高反应性而对病原微生物具有广泛的有效性，因此备受关注。本综述的目的是探讨金属基纳米颗粒的研究现状，重点关注其合成方法、类型及其抗菌作用。讨论了用于合成金属基纳米颗粒的不同技术，包括化学和物理方法以及不含化学试剂的“绿色合成”方法。尽管研究最多的具有抗菌性能的纳米颗粒是金属或金属氧化物纳米颗粒，但其他类型的纳米颗粒，如超顺磁性氧化铁纳米颗粒和二氧化硅释放系统也具有抗菌性能。最后，由于对金属基纳米颗粒抗菌作用的量化和理解是关键课题，本综述讨论了几种评估体外抗菌活性的方法以及最常见的抗菌机制（如细胞损伤和代谢基因表达变化）。
