Torres Cacoullos Rena
Department of Spanish, Italian and Portuguese, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.
Front Psychol. 2020 Sep 23;11:2130. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02130. eCollection 2020.
The contentious question of bilingual processing cost may be recast as a fresh question of quantitative preferences and structural adjustments for switching at particular junctures of two languages. CS strategies are established by considering prosodic and syntactic variables, capitalizing here on bidirectional multi-word CS, spontaneously produced by members of a bilingual community in northern New Mexico who regularly use both languages (Torres Cacoullos and Travis, 2018). CS strategies become apparent by extending the equivalence constraint, which states that bilinguals avoid CS at points of word placement conflict (Poplack, 1980), to examine points of inconsistent equivalence between the languages, where syntactic difficulty could arise. Such sites of are junctures where the word strings of the two languages are equivalent only sometimes due to language-internal variable structures. A case in point for the English-Spanish language pair is the boundary between main and complement clauses, where a conjunction occurs always in Spanish but variably in English. The is to separate the juncture of the two languages. Here the complement clause appears in a different prosodic unit from the main clause-disproportionately as compared both with monolingual benchmarks and with bilinguals' own unilingual English and Spanish. Prosodic distancing serves to mitigate variable equivalence. The is to opt for the variant that is more quantitatively available and more discourse neutral. Here the preference is for the Spanish complementizer regardless of main or complement clause language. This is the more frequent option in bilinguals' combined experience in both their languages, whereas the English complementizer is subject to a number of conditioning factors. Syntactic selection serves to restore equivalence. Discovery of community CS strategies may spur reconsideration of processing cost as a matter of relative difficulty, which will depend on bilinguals' prosodic and syntactic choices at particular CS sites.
双语加工成本这一颇具争议的问题，或许可以重新表述为一个全新的问题，即关于在两种语言的特定节点进行切换时的数量偏好和结构调整。代码转换（CS）策略是通过考虑韵律和句法变量来确立的，在此利用了双向多词代码转换，这是新墨西哥州北部一个双语社区的成员自发产生的，他们经常使用两种语言（托雷斯·卡库洛斯和特拉维斯，2018）。通过扩展等价性约束，代码转换策略变得明显起来，该约束指出双语者在单词放置冲突点会避免代码转换（波普拉克，1980），以检查语言之间等价性不一致的点，在这些点可能会出现句法困难。这些点是两种语言的词串有时仅因语言内部可变结构而等价的节点。英语 - 西班牙语这对语言的一个例子是主句和补语从句之间的边界，在西班牙语中连词总是出现，而在英语中则变化不定。目的是分隔两种语言的节点。在这里，补语从句出现在与主句不同的韵律单元中——与单语基准以及双语者自己的单语英语和西班牙语相比，比例失调。韵律距离有助于减轻可变等价性。目的是选择数量上更丰富且在语篇中更中性的变体。在这里，无论主句或补语从句使用何种语言，偏好的都是西班牙语补语词。在双语者两种语言的综合使用经验中，这是更常见的选择，而英语补语词则受到许多制约因素的影响。句法选择有助于恢复等价性。发现社区代码转换策略可能会促使人们重新考虑将加工成本视为相对难度的问题，这将取决于双语者在特定代码转换点的韵律和句法选择。
