Gut microbiota-derived metabolites and colorectal cancer: New insights and updates.

Abundant evidence from in-vitro as well as in-vivo studies supports the gut microbiota-derived metabolites as crucial executors of diet effect on the host physiology. As such, a number of microbiota-derived metabolites produced from diet have been connected to complex forms of human diseases such as colorectal cancer (CRC). Despite current unresolved questions concerning molecular mechanisms between metabolites, host signaling pathways, and CRC, some new progresses promise continued advancement of the field. Therefore, clarification of the molecular events underlying which metabolites may regulate proliferation of colonocytes will hopefully open up new avenues for seeking the possibilities affecting host health and exploitation of these capabilities for therapeutic purpose. In this Review, we will discuss recent insights into contributions of the gut microbiota-derived metabolites to CRC and argue that the cumulative effects of metabolites should be considered with the intention of better predict and prevent cancer progression. We will also discuss the signaling pathways induced by specific metabolites toward down-regulation and/or up-regulation of immune system that eventually trigger progression and/or inhibition of CRC.