Mallia Alice, Gianazza Erica, Zoanni Beatrice, Brioschi Maura, Barbieri Silvia Stella, Banfi Cristina
Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, 20138 Milano, Italy.
Diagnostics (Basel). 2020 Oct 19;10(10):843. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics10100843.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid-bound vesicles released from cells under physiological and pathological conditions. Basing on biogenesis, dimension, content and route of secretion, they can be classified into exosomes, microvesicles (MVs) and apoptotic bodies. EVs have a key role as bioactive mediators in intercellular communication, but they are also involved in other physiological processes like immune response, blood coagulation, and tissue repair. The interest in studying EVs has increased over the years due to their involvement in several diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), and their potential role as biomarkers in diagnosis, therapy, and in drug delivery system development. Nowadays, the improvement of mass spectrometry (MS)-based techniques allows the characterization of the EV protein composition to deeply understand their role in several diseases. In this review, a critical overview is provided on the EV's origin and physical properties, as well as their emerging functional role in both physiological and disease conditions, focusing attention on the role of exosomes in CVDs. The most important cardiac exosome proteomic studies will be discussed giving a qualitative and quantitative characterization of the exosomal proteins that could be used in future as new potential diagnostic markers or targets for specific therapies.
细胞外囊泡（EVs）是在生理和病理条件下从细胞释放的脂质结合囊泡。根据生物发生、尺寸、内容物和分泌途径，它们可分为外泌体、微囊泡（MVs）和凋亡小体。EVs作为生物活性介质在细胞间通讯中起关键作用，但它们也参与其他生理过程，如免疫反应、血液凝固和组织修复。近年来，由于EVs参与多种疾病，如心血管疾病（CVDs），以及它们在诊断、治疗和药物递送系统开发中作为生物标志物的潜在作用，对其研究的兴趣有所增加。如今，基于质谱（MS）技术的改进使得能够对EV蛋白组成进行表征，从而深入了解它们在多种疾病中的作用。在这篇综述中，对EV的起源和物理性质，以及它们在生理和疾病状态下新兴的功能作用进行了批判性概述，重点关注外泌体在CVDs中的作用。将讨论最重要的心脏外泌体蛋白质组学研究，对外泌体蛋白质进行定性和定量表征，这些蛋白质未来可作为新的潜在诊断标志物或特定治疗的靶点。
