Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
Omega (Westport). 2021 Feb;82(3):500-522. doi: 10.1177/0030222820966928. Epub 2020 Oct 21.
A review of the literature on adaptation to bereavement during the COVID-19 pandemic was conducted to assess the current state of knowledge. Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar databases were searched for studies published during the first 6 months of the COVID-19 outbreak. 44 articles were included in the review. Narrative synthesis showed that knowledge was largely based on expert assessments of prior bereavement research and professional experience; there is so far absence of empirical evidence linking features of COVID-19 bereavement situations to health outcomes. Severe negative consequences have been consistently predicted by authors. There is still relatively little consideration of positive or compensatory processes or the possibility that these could alleviate the effect of the shocking, traumatic circumstances. With two notable exceptions, there has been lack of attention to the role of theoretical models for guiding research and practice. A theoretical perspective (the Dual Process Model, DPM) was applied to the information derived from the available articles. Two features of the DPM framework illustrated its relevance: 1. It enables systematic assessment of the range of loss- and restoration-related challenges for the bereaved; 2. It speaks for extension of psychotherapeutic intervention to manage secondary, restoration- as well as primary, loss-oriented stressors; studies have demonstrated that this may increase the effectiveness of intervention. Directions for future research and DPM application are suggested.
对 COVID-19 大流行期间丧亲适应的文献进行了回顾，以评估当前的知识状况。在 COVID-19 爆发的前 6 个月内，在 Scopus、Web of Science 和 Google Scholar 数据库中搜索了发表的研究。综述纳入了 44 篇文章。叙述性综合表明，知识主要基于对先前丧亲研究和专业经验的专家评估；到目前为止，还没有将 COVID-19 丧亲情况的特征与健康结果联系起来的经验证据。作者一致预测会产生严重的负面后果。人们相对较少考虑积极或补偿性的过程，也很少考虑这些过程是否可能减轻令人震惊、创伤性情况的影响。除了两个值得注意的例外，人们对理论模型在指导研究和实践方面的作用关注甚少。一个理论视角（双过程模型，DPM）被应用于从现有文章中得出的信息。DPM 框架的两个特征说明了其相关性：1. 它能够系统地评估丧亲者在损失和恢复相关方面的各种挑战；2. 它提倡将心理治疗干预扩展到管理继发性、恢复性以及原发性、以损失为导向的压力源；研究表明，这可能会提高干预的效果。提出了未来研究和 DPM 应用的方向。
