Varikuti Sanjay, Jha Bijay Kumar, Holcomb Erin A, McDaniel Jodi C, Karpurapu Manjula, Srivastava Nidhi, McGwire Bradford S, Satoskar Abhay R, Parinandi Narasimham L
Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43201, USA.
Department of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Banasthali University, Banasthali 304022, India.
Vessel Plus. 2020;4. doi: 10.20517/2574-1209.2020.27. Epub 2020 Sep 27.
The vascular endothelium is a vital component in maintaining the structure and function of blood vessels. The endothelial cells (ECs) mediate vital regulatory functions such as the proliferation of cells, permeability of various tissue membranes, and exchange of gases, thrombolysis, blood flow, and homeostasis. The vascular endothelium also regulates inflammation and immune cell trafficking, and ECs serve as a replicative niche for many bacterial, viral, and protozoan infectious diseases. Endothelial dysfunction can lead to vasodilation and pro-inflammation, which are the hallmarks of many severe diseases. Exosomes are nanoscale membrane-bound vesicles that emerge from cells and serve as important extracellular components, which facilitate communication between cells and maintain homeostasis during normal and pathophysiological states. Exosomes are also involved in gene transfer, inflammation and antigen presentation, and mediation of the immune response during pathogenic states. Protozoa are a diverse group of unicellular organisms that cause many infectious diseases in humans. In this regard, it is becoming increasingly evident that many protozoan parasites (such as , , , and ) utilize exosomes for the transfer of their virulence factors and effector molecules into the host cells, which manipulate the host gene expression, immune responses, and other biological activities to establish and modulate infection. In this review, we discuss the role of the vascular endothelium and exosomes in and their contribution to pathogenesis in malaria, African sleeping sickness, Chagas disease, and leishmaniasis and toxoplasmosis with an emphasis on their actions on the innate and adaptive immune mechanisms of resistance.
血管内皮是维持血管结构和功能的重要组成部分。内皮细胞介导多种重要的调节功能，如细胞增殖、各种组织膜的通透性、气体交换、溶栓、血流和体内平衡。血管内皮还调节炎症和免疫细胞运输，并且内皮细胞是许多细菌、病毒和原生动物感染性疾病的复制微环境。内皮功能障碍可导致血管舒张和促炎反应，这是许多严重疾病的标志。外泌体是从细胞中释放出来的纳米级膜结合囊泡，作为重要的细胞外成分，在正常和病理生理状态下促进细胞间通讯并维持体内平衡。外泌体还参与基因转移、炎症和抗原呈递，以及在致病状态下介导免疫反应。原生动物是一类多样的单细胞生物，可导致人类多种感染性疾病。在这方面，越来越明显的是，许多原生动物寄生虫（如疟原虫、锥虫、利什曼原虫和弓形虫）利用外泌体将其毒力因子和效应分子转移到宿主细胞中，从而操纵宿主基因表达、免疫反应和其他生物学活性，以建立和调节感染。在这篇综述中，我们讨论血管内皮和外泌体在疟疾、非洲昏睡病、恰加斯病、利什曼病和弓形虫病中的作用及其对发病机制的贡献，重点关注它们对先天性和适应性免疫抵抗机制的作用。
