Microbiology and Wine Research, Institute for Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, 55099, Germany.
Environ Microbiol. 2021 Jan;23(1):5-14. doi: 10.1111/1462-2920.15293. Epub 2020 Nov 10.
Many bacteria are able to use O and nitrate as alternative electron acceptors for respiration. Strategies for regulation in response to O and nitrate can vary considerably. In the paradigmatic system of E. coli (and γ-proteobacteria), regulation by O and nitrate is established by the O -sensor FNR and the two-component system NarX-NarL (for nitrate regulation). Expression of narGHJI is regulated by the binding of FNR and NarL to the promoter. A similar strategy by individual regulation in response to O and nitrate is verified in many genera by the use of various types of regulators. Otherwise, in the soil bacteria Bacillus subtilis (Firmicutes) and Streptomyces (Actinobacteria), nitrate respiration is subject to anaerobic induction, without direct nitrate induction. In contrast, the NreA-NreB-NreC two-component system of Staphylococcus (Firmicutes) performs joint sensing of O and nitrate by interacting O and nitrate sensors. The O -sensor NreB phosphorylates the response regulator NreC to activate narGHJI expression. NreC-P transmits the signal for anaerobiosis to the promoter. The nitrate sensor NreA modulates NreB function by converting NreB in the absence of nitrate from the kinase to a phosphatase that dephosphorylates NreC-P. Thus, widely different strategies for coordinating the response to O and nitrate have evolved in bacteria.
许多细菌能够将 O 和硝酸盐用作呼吸作用的替代电子受体。针对 O 和硝酸盐的调节策略可能有很大差异。在大肠杆菌（和γ-变形菌）的典型系统中，O 和硝酸盐的调节是由 O 传感器 FNR 和双组分系统 NarX-NarL（用于硝酸盐调节）建立的。narGHJI 的表达受 FNR 和 NarL 与启动子结合的调节。通过使用各种类型的调节剂，在许多属中验证了针对 O 和硝酸盐的个体调节的类似策略。否则，在土壤细菌枯草芽孢杆菌（Firmicutes）和链霉菌（Actinobacteria）中，硝酸盐呼吸受厌氧诱导，而不受直接硝酸盐诱导。相比之下，金黄色葡萄球菌（Firmicutes）的 NreA-NreB-NreC 双组分系统通过相互作用的 O 和硝酸盐传感器对 O 和硝酸盐进行联合感应。O 传感器 NreB 磷酸化反应调节剂 NreC 以激活 narGHJI 的表达。NreC-P 将无氧信号传递到启动子。硝酸盐传感器 NreA 通过在不存在硝酸盐的情况下将 NreB 从激酶转换为去磷酸化 NreC-P 的磷酸酶来调节 NreB 功能。因此，细菌中已经进化出协调对 O 和硝酸盐反应的广泛不同策略。
