Air Pollution Research Group, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2021 Mar;28(9):10678-10695. doi: 10.1007/s11356-020-11067-6. Epub 2020 Oct 24.
Local questionnaire surveys were conducted to collect representative activity data for calculation of annual emissions from residential combustion in Red River Delta (RRD), Vietnam, for 2010-2015. Multistage statistical sampling was implemented in the surveys for Hanoi Metropolitan Region (HMR) and deep rural area of Ninh Binh province (Con Thoi, Ninh Binh (CTNB)). Emission factors were scrutinized to select relevant ranges and central values for typical cookstoves in RRD. Large differences in the activity data (cooking activities, fuel-stove types, and fuel consumption) were found between three HMR strata (urban, suburban, and rural populations) and CTNB, respectively, which resulted in distinctly different annual emissions per capita. Annual 2010 emissions from residential combustion in RRD were estimated for toxic pollutants, in Gg/year, of 217 for CO, 1.5 NO, 7.4 SO, 33 NMVOC, 3.7 NH, 16.9 PM, 1.4 BC, and 7.1 OC, along with 171 t/year of total PAHs with 0.7 t/year of BaP, and greenhouse gases of 5395 CO, 17.2 CH, and 0.7 NO Gg/year. Emissions increased by 1.5-7.8%, varying with species, over the 6-year period. Prevalent use of crop residue in CTNB induced its dominant shares in the residential combustion emissions not only in this deep rural area but also in the entire RRD domain. Spatial emission distribution exhibited high intensities over districts having high rural population density. Global warming potential results indicated the dominant role of black carbon, especially over the 20-year horizon. Switching from solid fuels to liquefied petroleum gas would reduce the emissions from this sector and bring in multiple benefits.
针对 2010-2015 年越南红河三角洲地区（RRD）住宅燃烧的年排放量，开展了当地问卷调查以收集有代表性的活动数据。在河内大都市区（HMR）和宁平省深层农村地区（广义，宁平（CTNB））的调查中，实施了多阶段统计抽样。对排放因子进行了仔细审查，以选择 RRD 中典型炉灶的相关范围和中心值。HMR 的三个阶层（城市、郊区和农村人口）和 CTNB 之间的活动数据（烹饪活动、燃料-炉灶类型和燃料消耗）存在很大差异，导致人均年排放量明显不同。2010 年 RRD 住宅燃烧产生的有毒污染物排放量估计为每年 217 克 CO、1.5 克 NO、7.4 克 SO、33 克 NMVOC、3.7 克 NH、16.9 克 PM、1.4 克 BC 和 7.1 克 OC，以及每年 171 吨总多环芳烃，其中 0.7 吨 BaP，温室气体排放量为 5395 吨 CO、17.2 吨 CH 和 0.7 吨 NO 克/年。在 6 年期间，排放量随着物种的不同而增加了 1.5-7.8%。在 CTNB 中普遍使用农作物残茬，不仅在这个深层农村地区，而且在整个 RRD 地区，都导致其在住宅燃烧排放中的主要份额。空间排放分布显示，在农村人口密度较高的地区排放强度较高。全球变暖潜能值结果表明，黑碳的作用尤其重要，特别是在 20 年的时间跨度内。从固体燃料转换为液化石油气将减少该部门的排放量，并带来多重好处。
