Petca Aida, Borislavschi Andreea, Zvanca Mona Elena, Petca Razvan-Cosmin, Sandru Florica, Dumitrascu Mihai Cristian
'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Elias Emergency University Hospital, 011461 Bucharest, Romania.
Exp Ther Med. 2020 Dec;20(6):186. doi: 10.3892/etm.2020.9316. Epub 2020 Oct 13.
Human papilloma viruses (HPVs) belong to the Papillomaviridae family and are epitheliotropic infecting squamous epithelia (skin and mucosae). HPV is estimated to be the cause of 99% of cervical cancers (there is no evidence of significant genetic predisposition for cervical cancer), 90% of anal cancer, 65% vaginal cancers, 50% vulvar cancers, and 45-90% oropharyngeal cancers. The route of HPV transmission is primarily through skin-to-skin or skin-to-mucosa contact. Sexual transmission is the most documented, but there have been studies suggesting non-sexual courses. The horizontal transfer of HPV includes fomites, fingers, and mouth, skin contact (other than sexual). Self-inoculation is described in studies as a potential HPV transmission route, as it was certified in female virgins, and in children with genital warts (low-risk HPV) without a personal history of sexual abuse. Vertical transmission from mother to child is another HPV transfer course. Several studies have emphasized the possibility of infection through the amniotic fluid, or the placenta, or via contact with maternal genital mucosa during natural birth. Waterborne transmission of HPV has never been demonstrated; however, HPV DNA has been detected in water environments. Routine hygiene measures are proven to be inefficient in preventing HPV transmission, as the studies which have evaluated samples of HPV on contaminated medical equipment (after standard disinfection) have found them to be still positive. Annual costs associated with the morbidity and mortality of HPV-related diseases are estimated at approximately $4 billion. Once the HPV vaccine program in Australia was launched, many studies reported the initial effects: A decrease in the incidence of high-grade cervical abnormalities, no new genital warts cases in females under 21 years. Promoting greater understanding in the general public about the evident benefits of vaccination can create positive vaccine attitudes and scatter the myths of spurious side effects.
人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）属于乳头瘤病毒科，是嗜上皮性病毒，感染鳞状上皮（皮肤和黏膜）。据估计，99%的宫颈癌（没有证据表明宫颈癌存在显著的遗传易感性）、90%的肛门癌、65%的阴道癌、50%的外阴癌以及45 - 90%的口咽癌由HPV引起。HPV的传播途径主要是通过皮肤与皮肤或皮肤与黏膜接触。性传播是记录最多的途径，但也有研究表明存在非性传播途径。HPV的水平传播包括通过污染物、手指和口腔、皮肤接触（非性接触）。自我接种在研究中被描述为一种潜在的HPV传播途径，因为在未发生性虐待的女性处女以及患有尖锐湿疣（低风险HPV）的儿童中得到了证实。从母亲到孩子的垂直传播是另一种HPV传播途径。多项研究强调了在自然分娩过程中通过羊水、胎盘或接触母体生殖黏膜而感染的可能性。HPV的水传播从未得到证实；然而，在水环境中已检测到HPV DNA。事实证明，常规卫生措施在预防HPV传播方面效率低下，因为对受污染医疗设备上的HPV样本（经过标准消毒后）进行评估的研究发现它们仍然呈阳性。与HPV相关疾病的发病率和死亡率相关的年度成本估计约为40亿美元。澳大利亚一旦启动HPV疫苗接种计划，许多研究报告了初步效果：高级别宫颈异常的发病率下降，21岁以下女性未出现新的尖锐湿疣病例。促进公众对疫苗接种明显益处的更多了解可以营造积极的疫苗接种态度，并消除关于虚假副作用的谣言。
