Djuric Zora, Nikolic Marina, Zekovic Milica, Plegue Melissa, Glibetic Marija
Department of Family Medicine, Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1213 USA.
Center for Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, 11158 Serbia.
BMC Nutr. 2020 Oct 22;6:45. doi: 10.1186/s40795-020-00375-2. eCollection 2020.
The world-wide adoption of Western lifestyles and eating patterns is associated with adverse effects on nutrient intakes. Here we evaluated the relationships between timing of meals and diet quality in Serbia, a Balkan country with a traditional eating pattern that includes the largest meal of the day as a late lunch.
A dietary survey was done in the Republic of Serbia using a nationally-representative sample of 74 children and 260 non-pregnant adults. Nutrient intakes were calculated from two 24-h recalls. A Dietary Quality Score (DQS) enumerated how many European Union (EU) Science Hub recommendations were met for fruit and vegetables, fiber, saturated fat, sodium, and sugar. We evaluated whether the timing of dietary intakes is associated with DQS and body mass index.
The dietary intakes of children ages 10-17 and adults were similar and were high in total fat intake, with an average of 40% of energy from fat. Mean fruit and vegetable intakes of 473 g/day in adults exceeded the minimal EU recommendation. The most worrisome aspects of the Serbian diet were high intakes of saturated fat, sugar and sodium. Lunch was the meal with the highest mean content of energy, followed by breakfast and dinner, and the average time for lunch was 15:15. Consumption of a higher percentage of calories before 16:00 in adults was associated with higher fruit and vegetable intakes and with higher DQS. The subgroup of adults consuming their largest meal after 20:00 had a lower mean age, more men, and a larger percentage was employed outside of the home. There were no associations of meal timing with BMI, but the prevalence of obesity in this population sample was only 13%.
These results indicate that an earlier meal pattern, and especially consuming the largest meal of the day earlier in the day, was associated with better quality diets. Public health efforts are needed to preserve nutrient intakes as the population shifts away from the traditional Serbian eating pattern. Long-term, deterioration of nutrient intakes could contribute to the increasing rates of obesity that have been observed in Serbia and world-wide.
西方生活方式和饮食模式在全球的采用与营养摄入的不良影响相关。在此，我们评估了塞尔维亚（一个巴尔干国家，其传统饮食模式包括将一天中最大的一餐作为午餐晚吃）进餐时间与饮食质量之间的关系。
在塞尔维亚共和国进行了一项饮食调查，使用了74名儿童和260名非孕成年人的全国代表性样本。通过两次24小时饮食回顾计算营养摄入量。饮食质量得分（DQS）列举了在水果和蔬菜、纤维、饱和脂肪、钠和糖方面符合欧盟科学中心建议的数量。我们评估了饮食摄入时间是否与DQS和体重指数相关。
10至17岁儿童和成年人的饮食摄入量相似，总脂肪摄入量较高，平均40%的能量来自脂肪。成年人平均每天摄入473克水果和蔬菜，超过了欧盟的最低建议量。塞尔维亚饮食最令人担忧的方面是饱和脂肪、糖和钠的摄入量高。午餐是能量平均含量最高的一餐，其次是早餐和晚餐，午餐的平均时间为15:15。成年人在16:00之前摄入较高比例的卡路里与较高的水果和蔬菜摄入量以及较高的DQS相关。在20:00之后吃最大一餐的成年人亚组平均年龄较低，男性更多，且外出工作的比例更大。进餐时间与体重指数无关联，但该人群样本中的肥胖患病率仅为13%。
这些结果表明，较早的进餐模式，尤其是在一天中较早的时候吃一天中最大的一餐，与更好的饮食质量相关。随着人口逐渐远离传统的塞尔维亚饮食模式，需要通过公共卫生措施来维持营养摄入。从长远来看，营养摄入的恶化可能导致塞尔维亚和全球肥胖率的上升。
