The University of Queensland, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, School of Dentistry, Center for Oral-facial Regeneration, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (COR3), School of Dentistry, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia.
The University of Queensland, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, School of Dentistry, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia.
Biofabrication. 2022 Oct 28;15(1). doi: 10.1088/1758-5090/ac9809.
Harnessing three-dimensional (3D) bioprinted extracellular vesicles (EVs) holds great promise for advancing the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. EVs are naturally occurring biological nanoparticles that are emerging as powerful 'cell-free' nanotherapeutics characterized by a cargo of protein, lipids, or genetic material that can be delivered to recipient cells. Conventional 3D bioprinting utilizes bioinks, a mixture of biomaterial and live cells, to fabricate 3D constructs for tissue regeneration purposes. The utilization of EVs instead of living cells for bioprinting may achieve targeted EV delivery, thus addressing a key challenge of EVs application in tissue engineering, as well as overcoming the regulatory and cost-effectiveness issues of using live cells. Given that 3D bioprinted EVs combine the regenerative capabilities of both bioprinting and EVs, this perspective explores the existing literature reporting their applications in tissue engineering, which target angiogenesis, osteogenesis, chondrogenesis, myogenesis, and carcinoprevention. Technical challenges and future trends for 3D bioprinted EVs in biofabrication and tissue engineering are examined. Ultimately, a personalized bioprinted EVs concept and a workflow for future bioprinted EVs studies focussed on clinical translation are proposed.
利用三维（3D）生物打印细胞外囊泡（EVs）在组织工程和再生医学领域具有广阔的应用前景。EVs 是天然存在的生物纳米颗粒，作为强大的“无细胞”纳米治疗剂而崭露头角，其特征是携带蛋白质、脂质或遗传物质，可以递送到靶细胞。传统的 3D 生物打印利用生物墨水（生物材料和活细胞的混合物）来制造用于组织再生的 3D 结构。用 EVs 代替活细胞进行生物打印可以实现靶向 EV 递药，从而解决 EVs 在组织工程中的应用的关键挑战，同时克服使用活细胞的监管和成本效益问题。鉴于 3D 生物打印 EVs 结合了生物打印和 EVs 的再生能力，本观点探讨了现有文献中报道的它们在组织工程中的应用，这些应用涉及血管生成、成骨、软骨形成、肌生成和癌预防。还研究了 3D 生物打印 EVs 在生物制造和组织工程中的技术挑战和未来趋势。最终，提出了个性化的生物打印 EVs 概念和未来生物打印 EVs 研究的工作流程，重点是临床转化。
