Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
Chem Soc Rev. 2020 Dec 21;49(24):9121-9153. doi: 10.1039/d0cs00883d. Epub 2020 Nov 2.
The present review focuses on the use of Metal-Organic Frameworks, (MOFs) highlighting the most recent developments in the biological field. This review assesses, in the first instance, the cytotoxicity of MOFs (particularly those used for various biological applications described throughout this review), and shows that for standard MOFs based on metals already present in active molecules of the human body, toxicity is not a significant limitation. Here we underline the MIL-, UiO- and ZIF-series of MOFs which remain until now the most used materials in drug delivery of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), such as antitumourals or retroviral drugs (with high loading and slow release time). Porosity remains undoubtedly the most studied key property of MOFs, that allows the protection of active biomolecules such as enzymes or the development of antimicrobial materials. Emphasis is given on the usage of MOFs for the detection of biomarkers in biological fluids such as urine and blood (detection of cystinuria, identification of penicillin anaphylaxis, urea, bilirubin, biomarkers related to human intoxication, tumoural indicators, among several others), for which a number of simple devices (such as paper strips) were developed. Despite the remarkable and promising results presented in recent years, the literature remains scarce (mostly non-existent) in terms of direct comparison of these novel technologies with the solutions presently available in the market. Action on this side may make the difference in the next years concerning research on MOFs, to see if some of these materials may reach the end-user as new and more efficient treatments or detection approaches.
本综述重点介绍了金属有机骨架（MOFs）的应用，突出了生物领域的最新发展。本综述首先评估了 MOFs 的细胞毒性（特别是那些用于本综述中描述的各种生物应用的 MOFs），结果表明，对于基于人体中已有活性分子的金属的标准 MOFs，其毒性并不是一个显著的限制因素。在此，我们强调了 MIL、UiO 和 ZIF 系列的 MOFs，它们迄今为止仍然是药物输送中应用最广泛的材料，例如用于输送抗癌药物或逆转录病毒药物（具有高载药量和缓慢释放时间）。多孔性无疑是 MOFs 研究最多的关键特性，它允许保护生物活性分子，如酶，或开发抗菌材料。重点介绍了 MOFs 在生物体液（如尿液和血液）中生物标志物检测方面的应用，例如胱氨酸尿症的检测、青霉素过敏的鉴定、尿素、胆红素、与人体中毒相关的生物标志物、肿瘤标志物等），为此开发了许多简单的设备（如纸条）。尽管近年来提出了许多引人注目的有前景的结果，但在这些新技术与市场上现有解决方案的直接比较方面，文献仍然很少（大部分不存在）。在这方面采取行动，可能会在未来几年的 MOFs 研究中产生影响，以观察这些材料中的一些是否可能作为新的、更有效的治疗方法或检测方法推向终端用户。
