Guyonnet Vincent, Peters Andew R
FFI Consulting Ltd., Brockville, Ontario, Canada.
Supporting Evidence Based Interventions (SEBI), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
Gates Open Res. 2020 Aug 26;4:122. doi: 10.12688/gatesopenres.13171.1. eCollection 2020.
Vaccination against highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses, along with other measures, was successful in eradicating AI in very few countries where the competence of national veterinary services or the geography and bird density have contributed favorably to the outcome. The main constraints to an effective AI vaccination are vaccine composition matching field strains, reliable cold chain and logistics to target all poultry smallholders, constraints related to the availability of sufficient financial and human resources. When not conducted properly, vaccination can also contribute to the emergence of new field viral strains, through genetic drifts of HPAI viruses. While new technologies have improved the possibility to produce high quality vaccines matching field strains, recurrent issues like post-vaccination field surveillance and vaccination coverage continue to limit the relevance of AI vaccination in smallholder settings. A "game-changer" vaccine targeting smallholders should be universal to protect against all field viral strains and reduce significantly, if not totally eliminate, the need for costly post-vaccination surveillance. The ease of administration of this vaccine (eye drop or one single injection) would further contribute to its relevance in the field. These characteristics are considered essential for the product profile of an AI vaccine that can contribute in a meaningful way to the livelihoods of poultry smallholders.
在少数几个国家，高致病性禽流感（HPAI）病毒疫苗接种与其他措施一道成功根除了禽流感，这些国家的国家兽医服务能力、地理环境和禽类密度对这一成果起到了有利作用。有效进行禽流感疫苗接种的主要制约因素包括疫苗成分与野外毒株的匹配度、可靠的冷链以及面向所有家禽小养殖户的物流、与充足资金和人力资源可用性相关的制约因素。如果操作不当，疫苗接种还可能通过高致病性禽流感病毒的基因漂移导致新的野外病毒株出现。虽然新技术提高了生产与野外毒株匹配的高质量疫苗的可能性，但诸如接种后野外监测和疫苗接种覆盖率等反复出现的问题仍然限制了禽流感疫苗接种在小养殖户环境中的相关性。一种针对小养殖户的“变革性”疫苗应具有通用性，以预防所有野外病毒株，并大幅减少（如果不能完全消除）对接种后昂贵监测的需求。这种疫苗易于接种（滴眼或单次注射）将进一步提高其在实际应用中的相关性。这些特性被认为是一种能够切实改善家禽小养殖户生计的禽流感疫苗产品特性的关键所在。
