Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Center for Global Non-Communicable Disease Research and Training, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Center for Global Non-Communicable Disease Research and Training, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Environ Int. 2021 Jan;146:106196. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106196. Epub 2020 Nov 4.
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) stoves have been promoted in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) as a clean energy alternative to biomass burning cookstoves.
We sought to characterize kitchen area concentrations and personal exposures to nitrogen dioxide (NO) within a randomized controlled trial in the Peruvian Andes. The intervention included the provision of an LPG stove and continuous fuel distribution with behavioral messaging to maximize compliance.
We measured 48-hour kitchen area NO concentrations at high temporal resolution in homes of 50 intervention participants and 50 control participants longitudinally within a biomass-to-LPG intervention trial. We also collected 48-hour mean personal exposures to NO among a subsample of 16 intervention and 9 control participants. We monitored LPG and biomass stove use continuously throughout the trial.
In 367 post-intervention 24-hour kitchen area samples of 96 participants' homes, geometric mean (GM) highest hourly NO concentration was 138 ppb (geometric standard deviation [GSD] 2.1) in the LPG intervention group and 450 ppb (GSD 3.1) in the biomass control group. Post-intervention 24-hour mean NO concentrations were a GM of 43 ppb (GSD 1.7) in the intervention group and 77 ppb (GSD 2.0) in the control group. Kitchen area NO concentrations exceeded the WHO indoor hourly guideline an average of 1.3 h per day among LPG intervention participants. GM 48-hour personal exposure to NO was 5 ppb (GSD 2.4) among 35 48-hour samples of 16 participants in the intervention group and 16 ppb (GSD 2.3) among 21 samples of 9 participants in the control group.
In a biomass-to-LPG intervention trial in Peru, kitchen area NO concentrations were substantially lower within the LPG intervention group compared to the biomass-using control group. However, within the LPG intervention group, 69% of 24-hour kitchen area samples exceeded WHO indoor annual guidelines and 47% of samples exceeded WHO indoor hourly guidelines. Forty-eight-hour NO personal exposure was below WHO indoor annual guidelines for most participants in the LPG intervention group, and we did not measure personal exposure at high temporal resolution to assess exposure to cooking-related indoor concentration peaks. Further research is warranted to understand the potential health risks of LPG-related NO emissions and inform current campaigns which promote LPG as a clean-cooking option.
液化石油气（LPG）炉已在中低收入国家（LMICs）推广，作为生物质燃烧炉灶的清洁能源替代品。
我们旨在描述秘鲁安第斯地区一项随机对照试验中厨房区域内二氧化氮（NO）浓度和个人暴露情况。该干预措施包括提供 LPG 炉和持续燃料供应，并通过行为信息传递来最大程度地提高依从性。
我们在一项生物质到 LPG 干预试验中，对 50 名干预参与者和 50 名对照参与者的家庭进行了 48 小时的高时间分辨率厨房区域 NO 浓度测量。我们还在 16 名干预参与者和 9 名对照参与者的亚样本中收集了 48 小时平均个人暴露于 NO 的情况。我们在整个试验过程中持续监测 LPG 和生物质炉灶的使用情况。
在 96 名参与者家庭的 367 个干预后 24 小时厨房区域样本中，最高小时 NO 浓度的几何平均值（GM）在 LPG 干预组为 138 ppb（几何标准差 [GSD] 2.1），在生物质对照组为 450 ppb（GSD 3.1）。干预后 24 小时平均 NO 浓度 GM 值在干预组为 43 ppb（GSD 1.7），在对照组为 77 ppb（GSD 2.0）。LPG 干预参与者平均每天厨房区域 NO 浓度超过 WHO 室内每小时指导值 1.3 小时。在干预组的 35 个 48 小时样本中，GM 48 小时个人接触到的 NO 为 5 ppb（GSD 2.4），在对照组的 21 个 9 名参与者的样本中，GM 48 小时个人接触到的 NO 为 16 ppb（GSD 2.3）。
在秘鲁的一项从生物质到 LPG 的干预试验中，与使用生物质的对照组相比，LPG 干预组的厨房区域 NO 浓度显著降低。然而，在 LPG 干预组中，69%的 24 小时厨房区域样本超过了世卫组织室内年度指导值，47%的样本超过了世卫组织室内每小时指导值。在 LPG 干预组的大多数参与者中，48 小时 NO 个人暴露量低于世卫组织室内年度指导值，我们没有以高时间分辨率测量个人暴露量，以评估与烹饪相关的室内浓度峰值的暴露情况。有必要进一步研究，以了解与 LPG 相关的 NO 排放对健康的潜在风险，并为当前推广 LPG 作为清洁烹饪选择的活动提供信息。
