Bartíková Pavlína, Kazimírová Mária, Štibrániová Iveta
Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia.
Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 06 Bratislava, Slovakia.
J Venom Res. 2020 Sep 22;10:45-52. eCollection 2020.
Ticks are unique hematophagous arthropods and possess an astounding array of salivary molecules that ensure their unnoticed and prolonged attachment to the host skin. Furthermore, ticks are very effective vectors of a diverse spectrum of pathogens. In order to feed, tick chelicerae cut the host epidermis and their hypostome penetrates through the layers of the skin. As a result of laceration of the skin and rupturing blood vessels, a pool of blood is formed in the dermis, serving for intermittent blood sucking and secretion of saliva. Cutaneous injury caused by tick mouthparts should normally elicit wound healing, a complex biological process coordinated by interaction among different host cells, numerous signalling pathways and by a variety of soluble factors including growth factors. Growth factors, endogenous signalling proteins involved in various biological events, are key players in all phases of the skin repair process. Maintaining feeding site integrity by overcoming sequential phases of wound healing is particularly important for ixodid ticks and is governed by bioactive molecules in their saliva. Tick saliva is a complex mixture of proteins, peptides, and non-peptide molecules and its composition depends on the feeding phase, tick developmental stage, gender and/or the presence/absence of microbial agents. In addition to already demonstrated anti-haemostatic, anti-cytokine and anti-chemokine activities, anti-growth factors activities were also detected in saliva of some tick species. In consequence of counteracting host defences by ticks, tick-borne pathogens can be transmitted to and disseminated in the host. Elucidation of the complex interplay between ticks - pathogens - host cutaneous immunity could lead to improved vector and pathogens control strategies. Additionally, tick saliva bioactive molecules have a promising therapeutic perspective to cure some human diseases associated with dysregulation of specific cytokines/growth factors and alterations in their signalling pathways.
蜱是独特的吸血节肢动物，拥有一系列令人惊叹的唾液分子，可确保它们在宿主皮肤上不被察觉且长时间附着。此外，蜱是多种病原体的高效传播媒介。为了进食，蜱的螯肢会切割宿主表皮，其口下板会穿透皮肤各层。由于皮肤撕裂和血管破裂，真皮中会形成一个血池，用于间歇性吸血和分泌唾液。蜱口器造成的皮肤损伤通常会引发伤口愈合，这是一个由不同宿主细胞、众多信号通路以及包括生长因子在内的多种可溶性因子相互作用协调的复杂生物学过程。生长因子是参与各种生物学事件的内源性信号蛋白，是皮肤修复过程各个阶段的关键参与者。通过克服伤口愈合的各个阶段来维持取食部位的完整性对硬蜱尤为重要，这由其唾液中的生物活性分子控制。蜱唾液是蛋白质、肽和非肽分子的复杂混合物，其组成取决于取食阶段、蜱的发育阶段、性别和/或微生物因子的存在与否。除了已证实的抗止血、抗细胞因子和抗趋化因子活性外，在一些蜱种的唾液中还检测到了抗生长因子活性。由于蜱对抗宿主防御，蜱传病原体可传播至宿主并在宿主体内扩散。阐明蜱 - 病原体 - 宿主皮肤免疫之间的复杂相互作用可能会带来改进的媒介和病原体控制策略。此外，蜱唾液生物活性分子在治疗一些与特定细胞因子/生长因子失调及其信号通路改变相关的人类疾病方面具有广阔的治疗前景。
