Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur, 831014, Jharkhand, India.
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, California State University, Fullerton, CA, USA.
Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2021 Jan;80(1):120-133. doi: 10.1007/s00244-020-00779-y. Epub 2020 Nov 19.
The studies on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) occurrence, distribution, health risk, and composition in drinking water are limited in India and worldwide. The main objective of this study was to find the contaminant sources, composition, health risk, and distribution of USEPA's 16 priority pollutant PAHs in the drinking water samples collected between July 2019 to September 2019 from six districts of Southern Jharkhand. The Σ mean ± standard deviation [SD] concentration values were ordered as East Singhbhum (ES) (21.5 ± 14.8 ng L) > West Singhbhum (WS) (16.57 ± 13.21 ng L) > Saraikela Kharsawan (SK) (11.48 ± 9.92 ng L) > Khunti (KH) (10.32 ± 9.09 ng L) > Simdega (SM) (9.96 ± 7.85 ng L) > Gumla (GU) (9.41 ± 8.63 ng L). The results show that ES and WS districts' groundwater samples were more contaminated by the PAHs, which may be attributed to the presence of many small-, medium-, and large-scale industries and high vehicular density in these districts. The concentrations of lower molecular weight ring (3-rings) and middle molecular weight ring (4-rings) PAHs were dominant throughout all drinking samples. The concentration of the 3-ring PAH Anthracene and 4-ring PAH Fluoranthene were dominant in all districts. The molecular ratios suggested that the potential sources of PAHs are fuel combustion and coal, grass, and wood burning. Risk assessment shows that the incremental lifetime cancer risk and risk index (RI) were ranged from 0.02 × 10 to 4.93 × 10 for children and 0.01 × 10 to 2.98 × 10 for adults. The RI values for seven carcinogenic PAHs were 8.83 × 10 for children and 7.38 × 10 for adults. Although the carcinogenic risks were within the permissible values, chronic exposure to PAHs through the ingestion of drinking water could still be a human health concern.
在印度和全球范围内，有关多环芳烃（PAHs）在饮用水中出现、分布、健康风险和组成的研究都很有限。本研究的主要目的是在 2019 年 7 月至 9 月期间从南贾坎德邦的六个地区采集饮用水样本，发现污染物来源、组成、健康风险和美国环保署的 16 种优先污染物 PAHs 的分布。Σ均值 ± 标准偏差 [SD] 的浓度值依次为东辛格布姆（ES）（21.5 ± 14.8 ng L） > 西辛格布姆（WS）（16.57 ± 13.21 ng L） > 萨拉基勒卡瓦尔桑（SK）（11.48 ± 9.92 ng L） > 昆蒂（KH）（10.32 ± 9.09 ng L） > 斯姆德加（SM）（9.96 ± 7.85 ng L） > 古姆拉（GU）（9.41 ± 8.63 ng L）。结果表明，ES 和 WS 地区的地下水样本受到 PAHs 的污染更为严重，这可能是由于这些地区存在许多小型、中型和大型工业以及高车辆密度。所有饮用水样本中均以低分子量环（3 环）和中分子量环（4 环）PAHs 为主。所有地区的 3 环 PAH 蒽和 4 环 PAH 荧蒽浓度均较高。分子比表明，PAHs 的潜在来源是燃料燃烧以及煤、草和木柴燃烧。风险评估表明，儿童的增量终生癌症风险和风险指数（RI）范围为 0.02 × 10 至 4.93 × 10，而成人的 RI 范围为 0.01 × 10 至 2.98 × 10。七种致癌 PAHs 的 RI 值分别为儿童 8.83 × 10 和成人 7.38 × 10。虽然致癌风险处于可接受范围内，但通过摄入饮用水长期接触 PAHs 仍可能对人类健康构成威胁。
