Tomás-Almenar Cristina, Toledo-Solís Francisco Javier, Larrán Ana M, de Mercado Eduardo, Alarcón Francisco Javier, Rico Daniel, Martín-Diana Ana Belén, Fernández Ignacio
Aquaculture Research Center, Agro-Technological Institute of Castilla y León (ITACyL), Ctra. Arévalo, 40196 Zamarramala, Segovia, Spain.
Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), Av. Insurgentes Sur 1582, Col. Crédito 6 Constructor, Alcaldía Benito Juárez, Mexico City C.P. 03940, Mexico.
Animals (Basel). 2020 Nov 21;10(11):2175. doi: 10.3390/ani10112175.
Aquaculture's sustainability deeply relies on the identification and inclusion of alternative raw materials. Although meals from insects and/or byproducts from different industries are being recently tested, the meal from terrestrial vegetable species is still the main substitution candidate for fish meal. Here the effects of 0% (Control), 10% (A10) and 30% (A30) inclusion of Narbonne vetch (; ZV-156 strain) meal in rainbow trout () diets was assessed in a 63-day feeding trial by means of growth performance, histopathological, nutritional value of the fish fillet and blood biochemistry analyses. A dose-response trial was conducted in triplicate with 25 rainbow trout juveniles (20 g average body weight) per 500 L tank. Narbonne vetch meal decreased total intestine protease activity in vitro (from 26.81% to 48% inhibition), although high temperature partially inhibited the action of antinutritional factors (ANFs). No differences in fish growth performance and no severe histopathological alterations on the proximal intestine were observed between 10% Narbonne vetch inclusion and Control groups. In contrast, high inclusion (30%) of Narbonne vetch led to poor growth performance (30% reduction on final growth) and severe histopathological alterations (e.g., loss of brush border integrity, high number of villi fusion, reduced goblet cells density as well as reduced width of submucosa, muscular and serosa layers). Furthermore, while the A30 diet decreased docosahexaenoic fatty acid (FA) content in fish fillets, the A10 diet improved monounsaturated FA content when compared to that of the Control group. No altered levels of cholesterol, glucose or triglycerides in blood plasma and/or histopathological effects on the liver were observed among fish fed the different experimental diets. Although further research efforts (e.g., identifying potential enzymatic treatments to decrease the action of ANFs from Narbonne vetch meal) might be required, present results show that a low inclusion (10%) of Narbonne vetch in rainbow trout diets is possible. The inclusion of locally produced legumes such a Narbonne vetch might be an interesting approach to reduce carbon footprint in European aquaculture and the dependency on other alternative raw materials such as soybean () imported from third countries.
水产养殖的可持续性在很大程度上依赖于替代原料的识别和纳入。尽管昆虫制成的饲料和/或不同行业的副产品最近正在进行试验，但来自陆生蔬菜品种的饲料仍是鱼粉的主要替代候选物。在此，通过生长性能、组织病理学、鱼片营养价值和血液生化分析，在一项为期63天的饲养试验中评估了虹鳟鱼（）日粮中添加0%（对照组）、10%（A10）和30%（A30）纳博讷巢菜（；ZV-156菌株）饲料的效果。进行了剂量反应试验，每个500升水箱中饲养25尾虹鳟幼鱼（平均体重20克），共设三个重复。纳博讷巢菜饲料在体外降低了肠道总蛋白酶活性（抑制率从26.81%到48%），尽管高温部分抑制了抗营养因子（ANFs）的作用。在10%纳博讷巢菜添加组和对照组之间，未观察到鱼类生长性能的差异，近端肠道也未出现严重的组织病理学改变。相比之下，高比例（30%）的纳博讷巢菜导致生长性能较差（最终生长减少30%）和严重的组织病理学改变（例如，刷状缘完整性丧失、大量绒毛融合、杯状细胞密度降低以及黏膜下层、肌肉层和浆膜层宽度减小）。此外，与对照组相比，A30日粮降低了鱼片中二十二碳六烯酸（FA）的含量，而A10日粮提高了单不饱和脂肪酸的含量。在喂食不同实验日粮的鱼中，未观察到血浆中胆固醇、葡萄糖或甘油三酯水平的改变以及肝脏的组织病理学效应。尽管可能需要进一步的研究工作（例如，确定潜在的酶处理方法以降低纳博讷巢菜饲料中抗营养因子的作用），但目前的结果表明，在虹鳟鱼日粮中低比例（10%）添加纳博讷巢菜是可行的。纳入当地生产的豆类，如纳博讷巢菜，可能是减少欧洲水产养殖碳足迹以及减少对从第三国进口的其他替代原料（如大豆（））依赖的一种有趣方法。
