Faculty of Environmental Science, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan.
Faculty of Economics, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi Osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan.
Sci Rep. 2020 Nov 26;10(1):20624. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-77458-4.
Rapid growth in the international demand for palm oil has triggered considerable global concern because oil palm plantations deteriorate the environment where they are developed, resulting in complex environmental impacts in the producer nations. Here, we illustrate the historical trends in the structure of Indonesian palm oil supply chains and how these have been affected by the final demand of other nations since 2000 by using the most recent dataset of global material flows of palm oil and a global input-output database. In addition, the combination of spatial land-use change with palm oil consumption along the supply chains illustrates the linkages between ultimate consumption and land-use changes due to the palm oil plantations. As a result, the major contributors to palm oil production in Indonesia were mostly stable, being India, China, Western Europe, the United States, and Japan. However, the contribution of Indonesia declined by 6% during 2000-2013, illustrating a possible shift towards palm oil being used for non-food demands, such as apparel and medicines. Building on consumption-based accounting schemes as demonstrated by this study are considered necessary to protect local ecosystems and society.
国际市场对棕榈油的需求迅速增长，引发了全球的高度关注，因为油棕种植园的发展破坏了其生长的环境，导致在种植国产生了复杂的环境影响。在这里，我们利用最新的全球棕榈油物质流数据集和全球投入产出数据库，说明了 2000 年以来印度尼西亚棕榈油供应链结构的历史变化趋势，以及这些变化如何受到其他国家最终需求的影响。此外，通过对供应链沿线棕榈油消费的空间土地利用变化进行组合，说明了由于棕榈油种植园，最终消费和土地利用变化之间的联系。结果表明，印度、中国、西欧、美国和日本是印度尼西亚棕榈油生产的主要贡献者，且相对稳定。然而，2000-2013 年间，印度尼西亚的贡献下降了 6%，这表明棕榈油可能正在被用于非食品需求，如服装和药品。本研究展示了基于消费的核算方案，这被认为对于保护当地生态系统和社会是必要的。
