Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan; ISA, School of Physics, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
Environ Int. 2020 Jan;134:105238. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105238. Epub 2019 Nov 5.
This research sets out to quantify the mortality and economic loss in individual Asian countries caused by the PM emissions induced by the consumption of the world's five highest-consuming countries (US, China, Japan, Germany, UK). In 2010 alone, the economic impact of these five countries' consumption caused a loss of almost 45 billion US dollars due to the premature deaths of more than 1 million people in Asia, including 15 thousand children younger than 5 years old. The percentage ratio of economic loss to value-added driven by consumers via trade differed greatly among the impacted countries. For the US, the highest percentage loss was 4.1% in Laos, followed by 2.0% in Bangladesh, both markedly higher than the figures for the more developed countries, such as 0.21% for Japan and 0.18% for Korea. This reflects the inequitable value chain existing between consumer countries and impacted countries, and implies that developing countries are obtaining value-added in exchange for unintentionally increased health risks, delaying their development and potentially creating a vicious circle that hinders much-needed improvements in areas like poverty reduction and public health. This inequitable situation needs to be redressed through introduction of clean energy and other types of technological assistance to help achieve United Nations Sustainable Development Goals 7, 10 and 13. Such as move is essential if premature infant deaths are to be curtailed.
本研究旨在量化全球五个消费最高的国家（美国、中国、日本、德国和英国）的消费活动所导致的 PM 排放对亚洲个别国家造成的死亡率和经济损失。仅 2010 年一年，由于亚洲地区超过 100 万人过早死亡，这五个国家的消费造成的经济损失就将近 450 亿美元，其中包括 1.5 万名 5 岁以下儿童。受影响国家因贸易而导致消费者驱动的经济损失与附加值的比例差异很大。对于美国，老挝的最高损失比例为 4.1%，孟加拉国为 2.0%，均明显高于日本的 0.21%和韩国的 0.18%等较发达国家。这反映了消费国与受影响国之间存在不公平的价值链，意味着发展中国家获得了附加值，却意外地增加了健康风险，从而阻碍了减贫和公共卫生等领域急需的发展，并可能形成一个恶性循环。需要通过引入清洁能源和其他类型的技术援助来纠正这种不公平的情况，以帮助实现联合国可持续发展目标 7、10 和 13。如果要减少早产儿死亡，就必须采取这样的行动。
