Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore.
Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
J Nutr. 2021 Feb 1;151(2):370-378. doi: 10.1093/jn/nxaa344.
Both high energy density and fast eating rates contribute to excess energy intakes. The energy intake rate (EIR; kcal/min) combines both the energy density (kcal/g) and eating rate (g/min) of a food to quantify the typical rate at which calories of different foods are ingested.
We describe the EIRs of diets in a multi-ethnic Asian population, and examine relationships between the consumption of high-EIR foods and total energy intake, body composition, and cardio-metabolic risk factors.
Diet and lifestyle data from the Singapore Multi-Ethnic Cohort 2 (n = 7011; 21-75 y), were collected through interviewer-administrated questionnaires. The EIR for each of the 269 foods was calculated as the product of its eating rate and energy density. Multivariable models were used to examine associations between the relative consumption of foods with higher and lower EIRs and energy intake, body composition, and cardio-metabolic risks, after adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, education level, physical activity, smoking status, and alcohol drinking status.
Individuals with higher daily energy intakes and with obesity consumed a significantly larger percentage of their energy from high-EIR foods, with a smaller relative intake of lower-EIR foods. Individuals with raised serum cholesterol also consumed a significantly higher proportion of high-EIR foods, whereas those without hypertension consumed a larger percentage of energy intake from low-EIR foods. Individuals classified as having a "very high" dietary EIR had a significantly 1.3 kg higher body weight (95% CI, 0.2-1.5; P = 0.013), 0.4 kg/m2 higher BMI (95% CI, 0.03-0.8; P = 0.037), and 1.2 cm larger waist circumference (95% CI, 0.2-2.2; P = 0.010), and were more likely to have abdominal overweight (OR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.1-1.5; P < 0.001) than those with a "low" dietary EIR.
Comparing foods by their EIRs summarizes the combined impact of energy density and eating rate, and may identify foods and dietary patterns that are associated with obesogenic eating styles and higher diet-related cardiovascular disease risk in an Asian population.
高能量密度和快速进食率都会导致能量摄入过多。能量摄入率（EIR；千卡/分钟）将食物的能量密度（千卡/克）和进食率（克/分钟）结合起来，以量化不同食物的卡路里摄入的典型速率。
我们描述了亚洲多种族人群的饮食 EIR，并研究了高 EIR 食物的消耗与总能量摄入、身体成分和心血管代谢风险因素之间的关系。
通过访谈员管理的问卷从新加坡多民族队列 2 中收集饮食和生活方式数据（n=7011；21-75 岁）。计算了 269 种食物中的每一种的 EIR，方法是将其进食率和能量密度相乘。调整年龄、性别、种族、教育程度、身体活动、吸烟状况和饮酒状况后，使用多变量模型来研究高 EIR 和低 EIR 食物的相对消耗与能量摄入、身体成分和心血管代谢风险之间的关联。
每日能量摄入量较高和肥胖的个体从高 EIR 食物中摄入的能量占比显著更大，而从低 EIR 食物中摄入的能量占比更小。血清胆固醇升高的个体也消耗了更高比例的高 EIR 食物，而没有高血压的个体则从低 EIR 食物中摄入了更大比例的能量。被归类为“非常高”饮食 EIR 的个体体重显著增加 1.3 公斤（95%CI，0.2-1.5；P=0.013），BMI 增加 0.4 公斤/平方米（95%CI，0.03-0.8；P=0.037），腰围增加 1.2 厘米（95%CI，0.2-2.2；P=0.010），并且更有可能出现腹部超重（OR，1.3；95%CI，1.1-1.5；P<0.001）比饮食 EIR 较低的个体。
通过 EIR 比较食物综合考虑了能量密度和进食率的影响，可能会确定与亚洲人群肥胖相关的饮食模式和更高的与饮食相关的心血管疾病风险相关的食物和饮食模式。
