Frazier Katya, Frith Mary, Harris Dylan, Leone Vanessa A
Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA..
Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
Biology (Basel). 2020 Nov 25;9(12):417. doi: 10.3390/biology9120417.
Circadian rhythms are essential for nearly all life forms, mediated by a core molecular gene network that drives downstream molecular processes involved in immune function and metabolic regulation. These biological rhythms serve as the body's metronome in response to the 24-hour light:dark cycle and other timed stimuli. Disrupted circadian rhythms due to drastic lifestyle and environmental shifts appear to contribute to the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases, although the mechanisms remain elusive. Gut microbiota membership and function are also key mediators of metabolism and are highly sensitive to environmental perturbations. Recent evidence suggests rhythmicity of gut microbes is essential for host metabolic health. The key molecular mediators that transmit rhythmic signals between microbes and host metabolic networks remain unclear, but studies suggest the host immune system may serve as a conduit between these two systems, providing homeostatic signals to maintain overall metabolic health. Despite this knowledge, the precise mechanism and communication modalities that drive these rhythms remain unclear, especially in humans. Here, we review the current literature examining circadian dynamics of gut microbes, the immune system, and metabolism in the context of metabolic dysregulation and provide insights into gaps and challenges that remain.
昼夜节律对几乎所有生命形式都至关重要，由一个核心分子基因网络介导，该网络驱动参与免疫功能和代谢调节的下游分子过程。这些生物节律充当身体的节拍器，以响应24小时的光暗循环和其他定时刺激。尽管机制尚不清楚，但由于剧烈的生活方式和环境变化导致的昼夜节律紊乱似乎会促进代谢疾病的发病机制。肠道微生物群的组成和功能也是代谢的关键调节因子，并且对环境扰动高度敏感。最近的证据表明，肠道微生物的节律性对宿主代谢健康至关重要。在微生物和宿主代谢网络之间传递节律信号的关键分子调节因子仍不清楚，但研究表明，宿主免疫系统可能充当这两个系统之间的管道，提供稳态信号以维持整体代谢健康。尽管有这些认识，但驱动这些节律的精确机制和通信方式仍不清楚，尤其是在人类中。在这里，我们回顾了当前研究肠道微生物、免疫系统和代谢在代谢失调背景下的昼夜动态的文献，并深入探讨了仍然存在的差距和挑战。
