Centro de Investigaciones, Diagnóstico y Referencia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical 'Pedro Kourí', Havana, Cuba.
MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
Parasitology. 2021 Apr;148(4):385-407. doi: 10.1017/S0031182020002255. Epub 2020 Dec 2.
The increasing distribution and prevalence of fasciolosis in both human and livestock are concerning. Here, we examine the various types of factors influencing fasciolosis transmission and burden and the interrelations that may exist between them. We present the arsenal of molecules, 'adjusting' capabilities and parasitic strategies of Fasciola to infect. Such features define the high adaptability of Fasciola species for parasitism that facilitate their transmission. We discuss current environmental perturbations (increase of livestock and land use, climate change, introduction of alien species and biodiversity loss) in relation to fasciolosis dynamics. As Fasciola infection is directly and ultimately linked to livestock management, living conditions and cultural habits, which are also changing under the pressure of globalization and climate change, the social component of transmission is also discussed. Lastly, we examine the implication of increasing scientific and political awareness in highlighting the current circulation of fasciolosis and boosting epidemiological surveys and novel diagnostic techniques. From a joint perspective, it becomes clear that factors weight differently at each place and moment, depending on the biological, environmental, social and political interrelating contexts. Therefore, the analyses of a disease as complex as fasciolosis should be as integrative as possible to dissect the realities featuring each epidemiological scenario. Such a comprehensive appraisal is presented in this review and constitutes its main asset to serve as a fresh integrative understanding of fasciolosis.
片形吸虫病在人类和牲畜中的分布和流行日益增多，令人担忧。在这里，我们研究了影响片形吸虫病传播和负担的各种类型的因素及其之间可能存在的相互关系。我们介绍了 Fasciola 感染的各种调节分子、调节能力和寄生策略。这些特征定义了 Fasciola 物种的高寄生适应性，使其更容易传播。我们讨论了当前与片形吸虫病动态相关的环境干扰（牲畜和土地利用的增加、气候变化、外来物种的引入和生物多样性的丧失）。由于 Fasciola 感染直接且最终与牲畜管理、生活条件和文化习惯有关，而这些因素也在全球化和气候变化的压力下发生变化，因此还讨论了传播的社会因素。最后，我们研究了日益提高的科学和政治意识对突显当前片形吸虫病传播、加强流行病学调查和新型诊断技术的影响。从联合的角度来看，很明显，在每个地方和每个时刻，取决于生物、环境、社会和政治相互关联的背景，因素的权重是不同的。因此，像片形吸虫病这样复杂的疾病的分析应该尽可能具有综合性，以剖析每个流行病学情况的特点。这种全面的评估在本综述中提出，是其作为对片形吸虫病的新的综合理解的主要资产。
