Single-cell RNA sequencing of human breast tumour-infiltrating immune cells reveals a γδ T-cell subtype associated with good clinical outcome.

The association of increased levels of tumour-infiltrating gamma-delta (γδ) T cells with favorable prognosis across many cancer types and their ability to recognize stress antigens in an MHC unrestricted manner has led to an increased interest in exploiting them for cancer immunotherapy. We performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of peripheral blood γδ T cells from healthy adult donors and from fresh tumour biopsies of breast cancer patients. We identified five γδ T cells subtypes in blood and three subtypes of γδ T cells in breast tumour. These subtypes differed in the expression of genes contributing to effector functions such as antigen presentation, cytotoxicity, and IL17A and IFNγ production. Compared with the blood γδ T cells, the breast tumour-infiltrating γδ T cells were more activated, expressed higher levels of cytotoxic genes, yet were immunosuppressed. One subtype in the breast tumour that was IFNγ-positive had no obvious similarity to any of the subtypes observed in the blood γδ T cell and was the only subtype associated with improved overall survival of breast cancer patients. Taken together, our study has identified markers of subtypes of human blood γδ T cells and uncovered a tumour-infiltrating γδ T cells subtype associated improved overall cancer survival.