Public Health Institute, Alcohol Research Group, Emeryville, California, USA.
Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, (RR), La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2021 Feb;45(2):429-435. doi: 10.1111/acer.14526. Epub 2021 Jan 28.
International drink-driving policy research generally focuses on aggregate outcomes (e.g., rates of crashes, fatalities) without emphasizing secondhand alcohol-related vehicular harms. In contrast, we investigate associations between drink-driving policies and harms involving another driver's impairment.
Alcohol's harms to others (AHTO) survey data from 12 countries (analytic N = 29,616) were linked to national alcohol policy data from the World Health Organization. We examined separately associations of two 12-month driving-related AHTOs (passenger with an impaired driver; vehicular crash involving someone else's drink driving) with 3 national drinking-driving policies-legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) limits, use of random breath testing, use of sobriety checkpoints, and comprehensive penalties for drink-driving (community service, detention, fines, ignition interlocks, license suspension/revocation, mandatory alcohol treatment, vehicle impoundment, and penalty point system), plus 2 alcohol tax variables (having excise taxes and value-added tax [VAT] rate). Multilevel logistic regression addressed clustering of individuals within countries and subnational regions, while adjusting for individuals' gender, age, marital status, risky drinking, and regional drinking culture (% male risky drinkers in sub-national region).
Controlling for national-, regional-, and individual-level covariates, comprehensive penalties were significantly and negatively associated with both outcomes; other vehicular policy variables were not significantly associated with either outcome. A society's VAT rate was negatively associated with riding with a drunk driver. Regional male drinking culture was positively associated with riding with an impaired driver, but was not significantly associated with being in a vehicular crash due to someone else's drinking. In both models, being male, being younger, and engaging in risky drinking oneself each were positively associated with vehicular harms due to someone else's drinking.
Although results are associational and not causal, comprehensive penalties may be promising policies for mitigating driving-related harms due to another drinker. Higher VAT rate might reduce riding with a drunk driver.
国际酒驾政策研究通常侧重于总体结果（例如，事故率、死亡率），而不强调与二手酒精相关的车辆伤害。相比之下，我们调查了酒驾政策与涉及另一名司机受损的伤害之间的关联。
来自 12 个国家（分析 N=29616）的酒精对他人的伤害（AHTO）调查数据与世界卫生组织的国家酒精政策数据相关联。我们分别检查了两种 12 个月与驾驶相关的 AHTO（乘客与醉酒司机；涉及他人酒后驾车的车辆事故）与 3 项国家酒驾政策（法定血液酒精浓度（BAC）限制、随机呼气测试使用、清醒检查站使用）之间的关联，以及酒驾的综合处罚（社区服务、拘留、罚款、点火锁止、吊销/吊销执照、强制酒精治疗、车辆扣押和记分制度），外加 2 个酒精税变量（征收消费税和增值税[VAT]税率）。多水平逻辑回归解决了个体在国家和国家以下地区内的聚类问题，同时调整了个体的性别、年龄、婚姻状况、冒险饮酒和区域饮酒文化（国家以下地区的男性冒险饮酒者的百分比）。
在控制了国家、地区和个体层面的协变量后，全面的处罚与两种结果均呈显著负相关；其他车辆政策变量与两种结果均无显著相关性。一个社会的增值税率与乘坐醉酒司机的车辆呈负相关。区域男性饮酒文化与乘坐醉酒司机呈正相关，但与因他人饮酒导致的车辆事故无关。在这两个模型中，男性、年轻和自己冒险饮酒都与他人饮酒导致的车辆伤害呈正相关。
尽管结果是关联的而不是因果关系，但全面的处罚可能是减轻因他人饮酒而导致的与驾驶相关伤害的有希望的政策。较高的增值税率可能会减少乘坐醉酒司机的车辆。
