Renu Sankar, Renukaradhya Gourapura J
Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH, United States.
Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.
Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2020 Nov 13;8:558349. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.558349. eCollection 2020.
Infectious disease of poultry and pig are major threat to health and cause severe economic loss to the food industry and a global food safety issue. Poultry and pig act as a mixing vessel of zoonotic transmission of disease to humans. Effective mucosal vaccines used in animals could reduce the impact of diseases in food animals. Chitosan is a biocompatible polymer, and its positive charge makes it a natural mucoadhesive agent. Therefore, since last one-decade chitosan derived nanoparticles (CS NPs) have been in use widely to deliver vaccine antigens in animals through mucosal route. Primary route of entry of most infectious disease pathogen is through oral and nasal routes, and the CS NPs based vaccines delivered through that routes enhance the immunogenicity of encapsulated vaccine antigens by targeting the cargo to mucosal microfold cells, dendritic cells and macrophages. Resulting in induction of robust secretory and systemic antibodies and/or cell mediated immune response which provides protection against infections. To date, CS NPs is being widely used for mucosal vaccine delivery in poultry and pigs to control bacterial and viral infections, and tested in several preclinical trials for vaccine delivery in humans. In this review, we highlighted the progress so far made in using CS NPs as a vehicle for mucosal vaccine delivery against infectious and zoonotic diseases of poultry and pigs. Discussed about the need of CS NPs modifications, CS NPs based vaccines induced immune responses and its role in protection, and challenges in vaccination and future directions.
家禽和猪的传染病对健康构成重大威胁，给食品行业造成严重经济损失，也是一个全球食品安全问题。家禽和猪是疾病向人类进行人畜共患病传播的混合容器。用于动物的有效黏膜疫苗可以减少食用动物疾病的影响。壳聚糖是一种生物相容性聚合物，其正电荷使其成为一种天然的黏膜黏附剂。因此，在过去十年中，壳聚糖衍生的纳米颗粒（CS NPs）已被广泛用于通过黏膜途径向动物递送疫苗抗原。大多数传染病病原体的主要进入途径是通过口腔和鼻腔途径，通过这些途径递送的基于CS NPs的疫苗通过将载药靶向黏膜微褶细胞、树突状细胞和巨噬细胞来增强封装疫苗抗原的免疫原性。从而诱导强大的分泌性和全身性抗体和/或细胞介导的免疫反应，提供抗感染保护。迄今为止，CS NPs被广泛用于家禽和猪的黏膜疫苗递送以控制细菌和病毒感染，并在多项人体疫苗递送的临床前试验中进行了测试。在这篇综述中，我们重点介绍了迄今为止在使用CS NPs作为载体进行黏膜疫苗递送以对抗家禽和猪的传染病和人畜共患病方面所取得的进展。讨论了CS NPs修饰的必要性、基于CS NPs的疫苗诱导的免疫反应及其在保护中的作用，以及疫苗接种面临的挑战和未来方向。
