Patel Zarana S, Brunstetter Tyson J, Tarver William J, Whitmire Alexandra M, Zwart Sara R, Smith Scott M, Huff Janice L
KBR, Houston, TX, USA.
NASA Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA.
NPJ Microgravity. 2020 Nov 5;6(1):33. doi: 10.1038/s41526-020-00124-6.
NASA's plans for space exploration include a return to the Moon to stay-boots back on the lunar surface with an orbital outpost. This station will be a launch point for voyages to destinations further away in our solar system, including journeys to the red planet Mars. To ensure success of these missions, health and performance risks associated with the unique hazards of spaceflight must be adequately controlled. These hazards-space radiation, altered gravity fields, isolation and confinement, closed environments, and distance from Earth-are linked with over 30 human health risks as documented by NASA's Human Research Program. The programmatic goal is to develop the tools and technologies to adequately mitigate, control, or accept these risks. The risks ranked as "red" have the highest priority based on both the likelihood of occurrence and the severity of their impact on human health, performance in mission, and long-term quality of life. These include: (1) space radiation health effects of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and cognitive decrements (2) Spaceflight-Associated Neuro-ocular Syndrome (3) behavioral health and performance decrements, and (4) inadequate food and nutrition. Evaluation of the hazards and risks in terms of the space exposome-the total sum of spaceflight and lifetime exposures and how they relate to genetics and determine the whole-body outcome-will provide a comprehensive picture of risk profiles for individual astronauts. In this review, we provide a primer on these "red" risks for the research community. The aim is to inform the development of studies and projects with high potential for generating both new knowledge and technologies to assist with mitigating multisystem risks to crew health during exploratory missions.
美国国家航空航天局（NASA）的太空探索计划包括重返月球，在月球表面长期停留，并建立一个轨道前哨站。这个空间站将成为前往太阳系更远目的地航行的发射点，包括前往红色星球火星的旅程。为确保这些任务的成功，必须充分控制与太空飞行独特危害相关的健康和性能风险。这些危害——太空辐射、重力场变化、隔离与限制、封闭环境以及与地球的距离——与美国国家航空航天局人类研究计划记录的30多种人类健康风险相关联。该计划的目标是开发工具和技术，以充分减轻、控制或接受这些风险。根据发生的可能性及其对人类健康、任务表现和长期生活质量的影响严重程度，被列为“红色”的风险具有最高优先级。这些风险包括：（1）太空辐射对癌症、心血管疾病和认知能力下降的健康影响；（2）太空飞行相关神经眼部综合征；（3）行为健康和性能下降；（4）食物和营养不足。从太空暴露组（太空飞行和终生暴露的总和，以及它们如何与遗传学相关并决定全身结果）的角度评估危害和风险，将为每位宇航员提供全面的风险概况。在本综述中，我们为研究界提供这些“红色”风险的入门知识。目的是为那些有潜力产生新知识和新技术的研究与项目的开展提供信息，以协助减轻探索任务期间对机组人员健康的多系统风险。
