Chair Against Stigma Grupo 5-Complutense University of Madrid, School of Psychology, Personality, Evaluation and Clinical Psychology Department, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain.
Chair Against Stigma Grupo 5-Complutense University of Madrid, School of Psychology, Personality, Evaluation and Clinical Psychology Department, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain.
Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2021 Apr 20;107:110219. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110219. Epub 2020 Dec 15.
The objective is to conduct a longitudinal analysis of the effects of the pandemic and alarm situation on the mental health of the general population at three points in time: two weeks after beginning the confinement, after a month, and after two months, when the lockdown was lifted and the country returned to the new normality.
The evaluations were carried out by means of an online survey, with a sample of 3480 persons in the first data collection and 1041 and 569 persons in the successive evaluation periods. The presence of depressive symptoms, anxiety and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was evaluated by means of screening tests. Sociodemographic data, Covid-19 variables, loneliness, psychological well-being, social support, discrimination and a sense of belonging, were collected.
Depressive symptoms increased significantly throughout the confinement, decreasing at the last assessment but not dropping to previous levels. In anxiety, there are no significant changes between the three evaluations, but a downward trend can be seen over time. Regarding the symptomatology of PTSD, a downward trend is observed throughout the three evaluations, with significantly lower scores between the first and third assessments. The different regression models developed reveal the importance of perceived loneliness and spiritual well-being as the main predictors of mental health, as well as the importance of the lower age for depression and the female gender for anxiety and PSTD.
This research shows that the pandemic has had a negative impact on our mental health, which still does not seem to be at pre-crisis levels, although it has improved as the emergency situation subsides. These results underline the importance of paying greater attention to mental health, and reveal key variables such as spiritual well-being and perceived loneliness in which to intervene from different care services, as well as younger people and women as vulnerable groups on which to focus more attention.
本研究旨在通过三次时间点的纵向分析，即在隔离开始后两周、一个月和两个月时，探讨疫情和警戒状态对普通人群心理健康的影响。当时封锁已经解除，国家恢复新常态。
通过在线调查进行评估，在第一次数据收集时样本量为 3480 人，在随后的评估期间分别有 1041 人和 569 人参与。使用筛选测试评估抑郁症状、焦虑和创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）的存在。收集人口统计学数据、Covid-19 变量、孤独感、心理幸福感、社会支持、歧视和归属感。
在整个隔离期间，抑郁症状显著增加，在最后一次评估时有所下降，但并未降至之前的水平。在焦虑方面，三次评估之间没有显著变化，但随着时间的推移呈下降趋势。关于 PTSD 的症状学，在三次评估中均观察到下降趋势，第一和第三次评估之间的分数显著降低。所开发的不同回归模型揭示了感知孤独感和精神幸福感作为心理健康主要预测因素的重要性，以及年龄较小与抑郁相关，女性与焦虑和 PTSD 相关的重要性。
本研究表明，疫情对我们的心理健康产生了负面影响，尽管随着紧急情况的缓解，心理健康状况似乎尚未恢复到危机前的水平。这些结果强调了更加关注心理健康的重要性，并揭示了精神幸福感和感知孤独感等关键变量，这些变量可以从不同的护理服务中进行干预，以及年轻人和女性作为弱势群体需要给予更多关注。
