School of Health Sciences, University of Canterbury - Te Whare Wānanga o Waitaha, Christchurch, New Zealand; GeoHealth Laboratory, University of Canterbury - Te Whare Wānanga o Waitaha, Christchurch, New Zealand.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, the Netherlands; Upstream Team, www.upstreamteam.nl, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Soc Sci Med. 2021 Jan;269:113522. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113522. Epub 2020 Nov 14.
While it is likely that changing food environments have contributed to the rise in obesity rates, very few studies have explored historical trends in the food environment with little, if any, consideration at a nationwide level. This longitudinal, nationwide, and geospatial study aims to examine change over time in proximity to food environments in all urban areas of New Zealand from 2005 to 2015.
This study used high quality food outlet data by area-level deprivation within the three largest urban areas of Auckland, Christchurch and Wellington. We hypothesise that distance and travel time by car to supermarkets and fast-food outlets will have decreased over time with the most notable decreases in distance and time occuring in the most deprived areas of urban New Zealand. Change in major chain "fast-food" and "supermarket" outlets as identified by Territorial Authorities between 2005 and 2015 was analysed through the use of multilevel regression models.
Findings show a decrease in distance and time to both fast-food outlets and supermarkets. The biggest decrease in distance for supermarkets was seen in the most deprived areas.
Our findings contrast and add to previous evidence to demonstrate how changes in the food environment are not uniform, varying by area-level deprivation and by city with more equitable access to supermarkets occurring over time.
虽然改变食物环境可能是肥胖率上升的原因之一，但很少有研究从全国范围考虑食物环境的历史趋势。本纵向、全国性和地理空间研究旨在检验 2005 年至 2015 年间新西兰所有城市地区食物环境随时间的变化。
本研究使用了奥克兰、克赖斯特彻奇和惠灵顿三个最大城市地区按地区贫困程度划分的高质量食品销售点数据。我们假设，到超市和快餐店的汽车距离和旅行时间将随着时间的推移而减少，在新西兰城市最贫困地区的减少最为显著。通过使用多层回归模型分析了 2005 年至 2015 年间地方当局确定的主要连锁“快餐店”和“超市”销售点的变化情况。
研究结果表明，到快餐店和超市的距离和时间都有所减少。超市的距离减少最大的是在最贫困的地区。
我们的研究结果与以往的证据形成对比并补充了这些证据，表明食物环境的变化并不均匀，按地区贫困程度和城市划分，随着时间的推移，超市的可及性更加公平。
