James Peter, Seward Michael W, James O'Malley A, Subramanian S V, Block Jason P
Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Life Course (CoRAL), Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, 401 Park Dr Suite 401, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
Department of Biomedical Data Science, The Dartmouth Institute, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA.
Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2017 Jun 24;14(1):84. doi: 10.1186/s12966-017-0537-4.
Research has explored associations between diet, body weight, and the food environment; however, few studies have examined historical trends in food environments.
In the Framingham Heart Study Offspring (N = 3321) and Omni (N = 447) cohorts, we created food environment metrics in four Massachusetts towns utilizing geocoded residential, workplace, and food establishment addresses from 1971 to 2008. We created multilevel models adjusted for age, sex, education, and census tract poverty to examine trends in home, workplace, and commuting food environments.
Proximity to and density of supermarkets, fast-food, full service restaurants, convenience stores, and bakeries increased over time for residential, workplace, and commuting environments; exposure to grocery stores decreased. The greatest increase in access was for supermarkets, with residential distance to the closest supermarket 1406 m closer (95% CI 1303 m, 1508 m) by 2005-2008 than in 1971-1975. Although poorer census tracts had higher access to fast-food restaurants consistently across follow-up, this disparity dissipated over time, due to larger increases in proximity to fast-food in wealthier neighborhoods.
Access to most food establishment types increased over time, with similar trends across home, workplace, and commuter environments.
已有研究探讨了饮食、体重与食物环境之间的关联；然而，很少有研究考察食物环境的历史趋势。
在弗雷明汉心脏研究后代队列（N = 3321）和全人群队列（N = 447）中，我们利用1971年至2008年按地理编码的住宅、工作场所和食品经营场所地址，在马萨诸塞州的四个城镇创建了食物环境指标。我们创建了经年龄、性别、教育程度和人口普查区贫困程度调整的多层次模型，以研究家庭、工作场所和通勤食物环境的趋势。
在住宅、工作场所和通勤环境中，随着时间的推移，超市、快餐店、全套服务餐厅、便利店和面包店的 proximity（此处原文可能有误，推测为“可达性”之类意思）和密度增加；杂货店的可达性降低。可达性增加最多的是超市，到2005 - 2008年，与最近超市的住宅距离比1971 - 1975年近了1406米（95%置信区间1303米，1508米）。尽管在整个随访期间，较贫困的人口普查区到快餐店的可达性一直较高，但由于富裕社区到快餐店的 proximity（推测为“距离”之类意思）增加幅度更大，这种差距随着时间的推移而消失。
随着时间的推移，大多数类型的食品经营场所的可达性增加，在家庭、工作场所和通勤环境中呈现相似的趋势。
