Paterson Gareth, van der Kamp John, Savelsbergh Geert
Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Research Centre for Exercise, School and Sport, Windesheim University of Applied Sciences, Zwolle, Netherlands.
Front Sports Act Living. 2020 Jan 14;1:69. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2019.00069. eCollection 2019.
The aim of the current study was to investigate whether a moving advertisement positioned behind the goal area would influence the visual attention of participants performing a soccer penalty kick, and, whether this would an effect on subsequent motor performance. It was hypothesized that if the (moving) advertisement would function as a distractor, then this would result in non-specific disruptions in penalty performance measures, especially affecting aiming location and precision. Alternatively, it was reasoned that, in line with the Dunker illusion, the moving advertisement would systematically affect perception of target location, resulting in changes in penalty performance and aiming that are specific for the direction of motion of the advertisement. To test these hypotheses, we investigated the gaze behavior and kicking performance of intermediate skilled soccer players taking penalty kicks in three differing advertisement conditions, namely no advertisement, a stationary advertisement, and a moving advertisement. The latter condition consisted of an advertisement moving from left to right and an advertisement moving from right to left. Results showed that a moving advertisement placed behind the goal area indeed caught the visual attention of soccer penalty kickers using a goalkeeper-dependent kicking strategy. Participants kicking performance tended to be less variable within the no advertisement condition compared to the moving advertisement condition. In addition, systematic, direction-specific effects on aiming were found when comparing conditions in which the advertisement moved in opposite directions. This pattern of findings indicate that the accuracy of the penalty kick is impacted by task-irrelevant contextual information.
本研究的目的是调查位于球门区后方的移动广告是否会影响进行足球点球的参与者的视觉注意力，以及这是否会对随后的运动表现产生影响。研究假设，如果（移动的）广告起到干扰作用，那么这将导致点球表现指标出现非特定的干扰，尤其会影响瞄准位置和精度。另外，据推断，根据邓克错觉，移动的广告会系统性地影响目标位置的感知，导致点球表现和瞄准的变化，这些变化特定于广告的运动方向。为了验证这些假设，我们调查了中级水平的足球运动员在三种不同广告条件下进行点球时的注视行为和踢球表现，这三种条件分别是无广告、静止广告和移动广告。后一种条件包括从左向右移动的广告和从右向左移动的广告。结果表明，放置在球门区后方的移动广告确实吸引了采用依赖守门员踢球策略的足球点球手的视觉注意力。与移动广告条件相比，在无广告条件下参与者的踢球表现往往变化较小。此外，在比较广告向相反方向移动的条件时，发现了对瞄准的系统性、方向特定性影响。这一结果模式表明，点球的准确性会受到与任务无关的情境信息的影响。
