Efficacy of salivary versus subgingival bacterial sampling for the detection and quantification of periodontal pathogens.

PURPOSE

The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy and validity of subgingival bacterial sampling using a retraction cord, and to evaluate how well this sampling method reflected changes in periodontal conditions after periodontal therapy.

METHODS

Based on clinical examinations, 87 subjects were divided into a healthy group (n=40) and a periodontitis group (n=47). Clinical measurements were obtained from all subjects including periodontal probing depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BOP), clinical attachment loss (CAL), and the plaque index. Saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) as a subgingival bacterial sample were sampled before and 3 months after periodontal therapy. The salivary and subgingival bacterial samples were analyzed by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction to quantify the following 11 periodontal pathogens: (), (), (), (), (), (), (), (), (), (), and ().

RESULTS

Non-surgical periodontal therapy resulted in significant decreases in PD (<0.01), CAL (<0.01), and BOP (<0.05) after 3 months. Four species (, , , and ) were significantly more abundant in both types of samples in the periodontitis group than in the healthy group. After periodontal therapy, was the only bacterium that showed a statistically significant decrease in saliva, whereas statistically significant decreases in , , and were found in GCF.

CONCLUSIONS

Salivary and subgingival bacterial sampling with a gingival retraction cord were found to be equivalent in terms of their accuracy for differentiating periodontitis, but GCF reflected changes in bacterial abundance after periodontal therapy more sensitively than saliva.