World Agroforestry Centre, UN Avenue, Gigiri, P.O Box 30677-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
World Agroforestry Centre, P.O Box 6226, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
J Environ Manage. 2021 Feb 15;280:111831. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111831. Epub 2020 Dec 23.
Owing to high rates of land and forest degradation, there is consensus that forest landscape restoration is a global priority with the Bonn Challenge and the New York Declaration on Forests committing to restore about 350 Million hectares by 2030, globally. However, there is a need for incentives that motivate these restoration efforts and disincentives aimed at restricting activities that result in further land degradation. We provide insights and understanding of the incentives and disincentives measures applied within the forest restoration systems through a case study in the Shinyanga region of Tanzania. Incentives that have promoted forest landscape restoration in Shinyanga include; conservation benefits, education and information, Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+), well-defined property rights & increasing land prices and awards while disincentives include; penalties, quotas and permits. Intrinsic incentives that are derived from self-desire within an individual such as conservation benefits and education & information were more preferred within Shinyanga region compared to extrinsic incentives which relied more on external factors such as REDD+ and awards. Nonetheless, a combination of both incentives and disincentives has led to the success of restoration in Shinyanga; positive incentives worked better for privately owned lands while regulatory disincentives worked better for communally owned restoration lands. High levels of social equity and trust have enabled the functioning of these incentives while a robust governance structure at the local level has been instrumental in enforcing the disincentives. There is need for government and all stakeholders to maintain and enhance the gains from restoration, especially empowering communities further, for these incentives to work.
由于土地和森林退化率高，人们普遍认为森林景观恢复是全球优先事项，《波恩挑战》和《联合国森林宣言》承诺到 2030 年在全球范围内恢复约 3.5 亿公顷的森林。然而，需要激励措施来推动这些恢复努力，并采取抑制活动的措施，以防止土地进一步退化。我们通过坦桑尼亚希尼安加地区的案例研究，了解了森林恢复系统中应用的激励和抑制措施。在希尼安加促进森林景观恢复的激励措施包括：保护效益、教育和信息、减少森林砍伐和森林退化所致排放（REDD+）、明确的产权和土地价格上涨以及奖励，而抑制措施包括：罚款、配额和许可证。内在激励是指个人内在的自我渴望，如保护效益和教育信息，在希尼安加地区比外在激励更受欢迎，外在激励更多地依赖于外部因素，如 REDD+和奖励。尽管如此，激励和抑制措施的结合导致了希尼安加地区恢复的成功；积极的激励措施在私人拥有的土地上效果更好，而监管抑制措施在社区拥有的恢复土地上效果更好。高度的社会公平和信任使这些激励措施得以发挥作用，而地方一级强有力的治理结构在执行抑制措施方面发挥了重要作用。政府和所有利益攸关方都有必要保持和加强恢复的成果，特别是进一步增强社区的能力，以使这些激励措施发挥作用。
