Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States.
Chem Rev. 2021 Sep 22;121(18):10908-10949. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00923. Epub 2020 Dec 23.
Biopolymers are natural polymers sourced from plants and animals, which include a variety of polysaccharides and polypeptides. The inclusion of biopolymers into biomedical hydrogels is of great interest because of their inherent biochemical and biophysical properties, such as cellular adhesion, degradation, and viscoelasticity. The objective of this Review is to provide a detailed overview of the design and development of biopolymer hydrogels for biomedical applications, with an emphasis on biopolymer chemical modifications and cross-linking methods. First, the fundamentals of biopolymers and chemical conjugation methods to introduce cross-linking groups are described. Cross-linking methods to form biopolymer networks are then discussed in detail, including (i) covalent cross-linking (e.g., free radical chain polymerization, click cross-linking, cross-linking due to oxidation of phenolic groups), (ii) dynamic covalent cross-linking (e.g., Schiff base formation, disulfide formation, reversible Diels-Alder reactions), and (iii) physical cross-linking (e.g., guest-host interactions, hydrogen bonding, metal-ligand coordination, grafted biopolymers). Finally, recent advances in the use of chemically modified biopolymer hydrogels for the biofabrication of tissue scaffolds, therapeutic delivery, tissue adhesives and sealants, as well as the formation of interpenetrating network biopolymer hydrogels, are highlighted.
生物聚合物是源自植物和动物的天然聚合物，包括多种多糖和多肽。由于其固有的生化和生物物理特性，如细胞黏附、降解和黏弹性，将生物聚合物纳入生物医学水凝胶中引起了极大的兴趣。本综述的目的是详细概述用于生物医学应用的生物聚合物水凝胶的设计和开发，重点介绍生物聚合物的化学修饰和交联方法。首先，描述了生物聚合物的基础和用于引入交联基团的化学偶联方法。然后详细讨论了形成生物聚合物网络的交联方法，包括（i）共价交联（例如，自由基链式聚合、点击交联、由于酚基团氧化引起的交联），（ii）动态共价交联（例如，席夫碱形成、二硫键形成、可逆 Diels-Alder 反应），和（iii）物理交联（例如，主体-客体相互作用、氢键、金属-配体配位、接枝生物聚合物）。最后，强调了化学修饰的生物聚合物水凝胶在组织支架的生物制造、治疗药物输送、组织粘合剂和密封剂以及互穿网络生物聚合物水凝胶的形成中的最新进展。
