Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, 3584CB, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, 3584CB, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
Environ Res. 2021 Mar;194:110591. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110591. Epub 2020 Dec 24.
Background Walking is a good and simple way to increase people's energy expenditure, but there is limited evidence whether the neighborhood environment correlates differently with recreational and transportation walking. AimTo investigate how recreational walking and transportation walking are associated with the natural and built environmental characteristics of the living environment in the Netherlands, and examine the differences in their associations between weekdays and weekends. Method and data We extracted the total duration of daily walking (in minutes per person) for recreation and transportation of adults aged 18 years and above from the Dutch National Travel Survey 2015-2017 (N = 65,785) and analyzed it as an outcome variable. Objective measures of the natural (i.e., normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), blue space and meteorological conditions) and built environment (i.e., crossing density, land-use mix, and residential building density) around respondents' home addresses were determined for buffers with 300, 600, and 1000 m radii using a geographic information system. To assess associations between recreational and transportation walking and the environmental exposures separately, we fitted Tobit regression models to the walking data, adjusted for multiple confounders. ResultsOn weekdays, people living in areas with less NDVI, higher land-use mix, and higher crossing density were more likely to engage in transportation walking. Recreational walking was negatively associated with NDVI, blue space, crossing density, precipitation and daily average temperature. At weekends, land-use mix supports both recreational and transportation walking. A negative association appeared for NDVI and transportation walking. Daily average rainfall and temperature were inversely correlated with recreational walking. Sensitivity tests indicated that some associations depend on the buffer size. ConclusionsOur findings suggest that the built and natural environments are differently associated with people's recreational and transportation walking. We also found differences in the walking-environment associations between weekdays and weekends. Place-based policies to design walking-friendly neighborhoods may have different implications for different types of walking.
步行是一种简单而有益的增加人们能量消耗的方式，但有关邻里环境与休闲步行和交通步行之间相关性的证据有限。目的：调查荷兰生活环境的自然和建成环境特征与休闲步行和交通步行的关系，并检验工作日和周末之间这些关联的差异。方法和数据：我们从 2015-2017 年荷兰国家旅行调查（N=65785）中提取了 18 岁及以上成年人每日休闲和交通步行的总时间（以每人每分钟计），并将其作为因变量进行分析。使用地理信息系统，为受访者家庭住址周围的 300、600 和 1000 米缓冲区确定了自然环境（归一化差异植被指数（NDVI）、蓝色空间和气象条件）和建成环境（交叉密度、土地利用混合度和住宅建筑密度）的客观指标。为了分别评估休闲步行和交通步行与环境暴露之间的关联，我们对步行数据进行了 Tobit 回归模型拟合，调整了多个混杂因素。结果：在工作日，居住在 NDVI 较低、土地利用混合度较高和交叉密度较高地区的人更有可能进行交通步行。休闲步行与 NDVI、蓝色空间、交叉密度、降水和日平均温度呈负相关。在周末，土地利用混合度支持休闲和交通步行。NDVI 与交通步行呈负相关。日平均降雨量和温度与休闲步行呈反比。敏感性测试表明，一些关联取决于缓冲区的大小。结论：我们的研究结果表明，建成环境和自然环境与人们的休闲步行和交通步行有着不同的关联。我们还发现工作日和周末之间的步行环境关联存在差异。基于地点的设计适合步行的邻里环境的政策可能对不同类型的步行有不同的影响。
