Xolography for linear volumetric 3D printing.

The range of applications for additive manufacturing is expanding quickly, including mass production of athletic footwear parts, dental ceramics and aerospace components as well as fabrication of microfluidics, medical devices, and artificial organs. The light-induced additive manufacturing techniques used are particularly successful owing to their high spatial and temporal control, but such techniques still share the common motifs of pointwise or layered generation, as do stereolithography, laser powder bed fusion, and continuous liquid interface production and its successors. Volumetric 3D printing is the next step onward from sequential additive manufacturing methods. Here we introduce xolography, a dual colour technique using photoswitchable photoinitiators to induce local polymerization inside a confined monomer volume upon linear excitation by intersecting light beams of different wavelengths. We demonstrate this concept with a volumetric printer designed to generate three-dimensional objects with complex structural features as well as mechanical and optical functions. Compared to state-of-the-art volumetric printing methods, our technique has a resolution about ten times higher than computed axial lithography without feedback optimization, and a volume generation rate four to five orders of magnitude higher than two-photon photopolymerization. We expect this technology to transform rapid volumetric production for objects at the nanoscopic to macroscopic length scales.