三重态融合上转换纳米胶囊用于体三维打印。
Triplet fusion upconversion nanocapsules for volumetric 3D printing.
机构信息
Rowland Institute at Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
出版信息
Nature. 2022 Apr;604(7906):474-478. doi: 10.1038/s41586-022-04485-8. Epub 2022 Apr 20.
Three-dimensional (3D) printing has exploded in interest as new technologies have opened up a multitude of applications, with stereolithography a particularly successful approach. However, owing to the linear absorption of light, this technique requires photopolymerization to occur at the surface of the printing volume, imparting fundamental limitations on resin choice and shape gamut. One promising way to circumvent this interfacial paradigm is to move beyond linear processes, with many groups using two-photon absorption to print in a truly volumetric fashion. Using two-photon absorption, many groups and companies have been able to create remarkable nanoscale structures, but the laser power required to drive this process has limited print size and speed, preventing widespread application beyond the nanoscale. Here we use triplet fusion upconversion to print volumetrically with less than 4 milliwatt continuous-wave excitation. Upconversion is introduced to the resin by means of encapsulation with a silica shell and solubilizing ligands. We further introduce an excitonic strategy to systematically control the upconversion threshold to support either monovoxel or parallelized printing schemes, printing at power densities several orders of magnitude lower than the power densities required for two-photon-based 3D printing.
三维(3D)打印技术随着新技术的出现而引起了广泛关注,这些新技术开辟了多种应用,其中立体光刻技术是一种特别成功的方法。然而,由于光的线性吸收,该技术要求光聚合在打印体积的表面发生,这对树脂的选择和形状范围施加了基本限制。一种有前途的方法是超越线性过程,许多小组使用双光子吸收以真正的体积方式进行打印。使用双光子吸收,许多小组和公司已经能够创建出色的纳米级结构,但驱动此过程所需的激光功率限制了打印的尺寸和速度,阻止了其在纳米尺度之外的广泛应用。在这里,我们使用三重态融合上转换以低于 4 毫瓦连续波激发进行体积打印。通过用二氧化硅壳和可溶性配体封装将上转换引入树脂中。我们进一步引入了一种激子策略来系统地控制上转换阈值,以支持单像素或并行打印方案,打印功率密度比基于双光子的 3D 打印所需的功率密度低几个数量级。